Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Sociolinguistics > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

(121 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

standard language

A

an idea in the mind rather than a reality - a set of abstract norms to which actual usage may conform to a greater or lesser extent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

language attitudes

A

thinly veiled attitudes towards speakers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

negative concord

A

double negation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

nonstandard english varieties

A

Grammatically, nonstandard English varieties may be simpler than standard English in some ways but more complex in other ways, just as all languages have areas of greater and lesser complexity in comparison to others.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

compare AAVE

A

Examples from African American Vernacular English (AAVE):

Simpler (i.e. fewer grammatically-marked distinctions):Lack of possessive markers

More complex (i.e. more grammatically-marked distinctions): Habitual BE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

ways standard English gramatically impoverished

A

standard American English lacks:
•A dual-plural distinction
•An inclusive-exclusive second person distinction
•An evidentiality system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Matched guise test

A

bilingual speaks - differences in perception understood as true feelings of individual or community toward that

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Status dimension (overt prestige)

A 
educated ——- uneducated
intelligent ——- unintelligent
wealthy ——-  poor
successful ——-  unsuccessful
ambitious ——- carefree
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Solidarity dimension (covert prestige)

A 
trustworthy ——-  untrustworthy
good ——-  bad
sympathetic ——-  unsympathetic
friendly ——- unfriendly
honest ——- dishonest
dependable ——- unreliable.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

likert scale

A

7 point scale, used to determine placement on a certain dimension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

perceptual dialectology

A

give people a blank map, let them draw where they think people speak

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

the language subordination process (Lippi-Green)

A
  • Language is mystified- Authority is claimed- Misinformation is generated- Non-mainstream language is trivialized- Conformers are praised- Non-conformers are vilified- Promises are made- Threats are made
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

H0

A

Null hypothesis, no difference between groups, or no effect of a predictor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

HA

A

Alternative Hypothesis - true difference between groups. or true effect of a predictor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

p-value

A

probability that null hypothesis would generate data at least as extreme as the data collected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

NHST

A

null hypothesis significance testing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

drawbacks NHST

A

5% spurious data - 1 in 20 studies false positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

locally-salient categories

A

rough grouping of individuals with similar linguistic features based also on their identity with another group or region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

community of practice

A

group of people who come together around mutual engagement in an endeavor. Ways of doing things, ways of talking, beliefs, values, power relations –in short, practices –emerge in the course of this mutual endeavor. As a social construct, a CofP is different from the traditional community, primarily because it is defined simultaneously by its membership and by the practice in which that membership engages.”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

three criteria defining community of practice

A

mutual engagement
joint enterprise
shared repertoire

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

ethnography

A

linguistic anthropology - observing normal activities in order to understand community

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

participant observation

A

being in and observing normal activities in order to understand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Eckert 1988 Belton High

A

how locally salient catagories or communities of practice affect language use
- Jocks and Burnouts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Jocks

A

college-bound, engaged in school organized activities, preppy clothes, social network tied to class

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Burnouts
physically marginal - hang out outside of campus, sprawling social networks, greater variety age levels - no motivation to give up freedom or autonomy - Detroit city = excitement, adventure, jobs - young women bring new forms from city
26
Mendoza-Denton 2008
Latina youth gangs in Sor Juana High School, San Fran Bay area - 2 gangs Norteña Sureña
27
Norteña
Northern hemisphere, red, english, motown oldies pronounces tense /ɪ/ to [i]
28
Sureña
Southern Hemisphere, | spanish, banda music, pronounces tense /ɪ/ to [i]
29
Moore 2004 study
Midlan High NW England, | Townies and Populars
30
nonstandard "were"
percentage largely increases among townies but not populars
31
Social meaning
tied to linguistic features, conveying meaning beyond semantic information
32
indexical field
variables do not have static meanings, but rather general meanings that become more specific in the context of styles. - constitute a field of potential meanings, an indexical field
33
persona
features index certain social meanings, and those meanings can in turn index personas, "diva" Gay doctor has different stylistic packages in 2 situations1
34
gender binary
clustering of traits in specific groups, (parenting, clothes, jobs), properties are stuck together
35
gender determinism
differences are result of physiological properties (like test exp, makes larynx wider women higher forman freq, /s/ frequency result of vocal tract length)
36
gender constructivism
gender ID situation and culturally dependendent - people do things stylistically with voice properties
37
4 categories/lessons against strong determinism (Zimman)
linguistic diversity, socialization, intersectionality, agency
38
linguistic diversity
Japanese vs US pitch differences
39
socialization
(children show F0 differences before puberty
40
intersectionality
index gender differently based on other ids they embody - Glasgow women
41
agency
(speakers can consciously manipulate - trans women) | - margaret thatcher voice coaching
42
Where do gender differences come from? 4 models
deficit model, dominance model, difference model, dynamic model (constructivism)
43
deficit model
deficit model - bad
44
dominance model
empty ad, super-polite, apologies
45
difference model
solidaritydistance, equalityhierarchy
46
dynamic model (constructivism)
within-group differences, intersectional flavor, performative gender ID, sexuality
47
nerd girls vs cool girls
Bucholtz 1999, 2001
48
nerd girls vs cool girls differences
cool - be all | nerd - be like, reject slang, reject heterosexual marketplace
49
heteronormativity
heterosexual norms enforced/supported on social level
50
hegemonic masculinity/femininity
practice that legitimizes men's dominant position in society, related to power dynamics
51
phonation type
configuration of the glottis - what you do with vocal folds to voice things differently
52
falsetto
going up in F0 such that modal voice is abandoned - open glottis
53
modal voice
normal, non-altered voice tone
54
first (nth) order indexicality
scientific acknowledgment of certain feature as a diversifying linguistic property
55
second (n+1th) order indexicality
general link between feature and social characteristic - californians laid back and fun
56
indexicality
layers of social meaning on top of each other
57
enregisterment
highly agreed upon - differentiation solidified at social level
58
listeners not able to discriminate between speech of lesbian and straight women
lesbians style shifting not understood - lower /s/ frequency with other lesbian interlocutor
59
listeners able to discriminate between speech of gay and straight men
English speakers perceive [s+] in men as “gay” regardless of language
60
lisping
producing /s/ against teeth, not common/observed in gay male speech
61
simultaneous (early) bilinguals
exposure since birth, usually 1 parent each language
62
sequential (late) bilinguals
learning 2nd language after acquiring first natively, usually due to immersion after changing countries
63
L1 vs L2
1st language you learn vs 2nd language acquired
64
Balanced vs dominant bilinguals
dominance - what speaker feels strongest in | balanced - equal proficiency
65
Attrition
loss of competency of 1st language due to not using it enough and neg opinion of using it - lexicon lost first
66
Interference
interference of structured word or phoneme - spanish no tense distinction
67
Code-switching
bilingual uses both languages in different contexts - different languages have different advantages
68
Bidialectalism
switch 2 varieties of same language in different contexts
69
language obsolescence
majority language and minority contact, minority disused and standard form adopted -> leads to language death
70
language death
Last L1 speaker dies- glottophagy
71
language extinction
no more speakers - knowledge is lost
72
diglossia
2 languages coexisting -usually colloquial and formal literary forms (everyone is bilingual)
73
pidgin
low complexity language, simplified form of 2 non-mutually intelligible languages, created by adults
74
nativization
when children pick up pidgin as L1
75
creole
when children add complexity to pidgin - fully fledged version of language which started as pidgin
76
Camouflaged constructions
constructions sound the same, but have different rules, meanings, and forms, making them "correct"
77
tense
property of verbs - when they took place
78
aspect
temporal structure involving verb; properties - ongoing, single moment?
79
prosody
stress, rhythm, intonation, pitch (F0), and other voice quality features
80
Anglicist hypothesis
AAE features artifacts of regional British dialects - archaisms related to settlement history. not supported
81
Creole hypothesis
AAE features result from creole stage, simplified communication system that underwent decreolization, Gullah ancestor? not supported
82
Neo-Anglicist hypothesis
early AAE same as southern White English then diverged
83
substrate hypothesis
AAE is contact variety - relationship between S white English and native African languages
84
substrate
language that gets replaced
85
superstrate
colonizing/invading language
86
language shift
when community changes way they speak - multilingualism at the community level
87
AAE data shows
language shift of S US English substrate - divergence occurs early 20th century
88
divergence
more difference between dialect and std compared form
89
convergence
less difference from compared form
90
Deficit theories
problem is home environment is verbally and culturally lacking
91
Assessment of school readiness and performance can be impacted by language variety in two ways:
self-preservation strategy bc school is hostile, discrepancy between dialect spoken and dialect assumed to be spoken results in over-counting errors
92
linguistically-informed approaches
be aware of pitfalls - don't correct when not necessary
93
contrastive analysis
explicitly teaching code-switching by teaching grammar in schools
94
Introducing reading in the vernacular
teach literacy in home language first (2 yrs Hiligagnon 2 yrs English (better) vs 4 yr English)
95
witness discredidation
negative judgment of people who speak certain varieties - reflection of negative social attitudes
96
Cross-dialectal misunderstandings
mi drap a groun - I drop to the ground , not I drop the gun
97
linguistic profiling
when people use ling info to infer racial info, then use that to discriminate - nominally on linguistic grounds, but really on racial grounds
98
homesign
formed between deaf children and families, | isolated from other sign language communities
99
co-speech gesture
crucial part of nonverbal language, facilitates understanding - distinguishable from home sign
100
iconicity
visual-spacial representation of concepts
101
structural similarities creoles and sign languages
topic - comment word order, | lack of tense marking, rich aspectual system, absence of passive constructions, reduplication
102
deaf community sign language
true sign language - more hand shapes, fewer locations, less iconicity (ex. e.g.Nicaraguan Sign Language 1970s children in Managua)
103
shared sign language (village)
less erosion of iconicity because later learning, more locations, fewer handshapes, multi-channel, usually hereditary deafness (e.g. Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language)
104
Frishberg's 5 tendencies in sign development
symmetry, displacement, assimilation (compounding), lexical content limited to hands, morphological preservation
105
Regional variation
comparing signers 7 communities US, White, black, men, women, 3 age groups
106
handshape variation
like phonological variation, seems random but statistically associated with different conditioning factors - what type of word, younger speaker, etc.
107
location variation
know verbs cited at forehead, younger signers and men prefer lower forms
108
signing space variation
wulf 1998 - men have lower boundary on their signing space
109
Black ASL
McCaskill et al - Black ASL larger signing space than std
110
naturalistic data pros
rich, easy to collect
111
naturalistic data cons
hard to process, messy analysis, time-intensive
112
experimental data pros
data cleaner since investment on front-end
113
experimental data cons
only suitable to answer certain types of questions - not everyday behavior
114
naturalistic data
data people produce in everyday lives (twitter, SCOTUS)
115
feature-specific matched guise
same audio recording except for TINY variation
116
neutral guise
add 3rd - white noise - points out discrepancies that other method spuriously proves true
117
sociolinguistic monitor
subtype matched guise, instead of single instance ing/in, multiple instances in different proportions, hitting 1 in is big downgrade
118
speaker information manipulation
perception task - manipulate speaker origin, how social info influences ling judgments - eg detroit subject, detroit (incorrect au) vs ontario (correct au)
119
eye tracking
see people's early guesses, shows processing
120
repetition priming
people ID word as real faster if they've just heard it
121
semantic priming
people ID word as real faster if it's primed by related word (nurse/doctor vs nurse/truck)

Sociolinguistics (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions