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FW260 > midterm 1 > Flashcards

midterm 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Evolution

A

change in heritable traits in a population over time

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2
Q

Natural Selection

A

If there are organisms that reproduce
IF offspring inherit traits from their parents
IF there is variability of traits
IF the environment cannot support all members of a growing population
THEN those members of the population with less-adaptive traits will die out
THEN those members with more-adaptive traits will thrive and pass those traits on to future generations

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3
Q

Evidence for Natural Selection

A
  1. Experimental/Artificial selection
  2. Fossils and transitional forms
  3. Cellular/molecular
  4. Distribution
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4
Q

Experimental/artificial selection

A

rats, fruit-flies, fish, dogs, viruses, and bacteria

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5
Q

Fossils and transitional forms

A

Homologous and analogous structures - not closely related organisms acquiring similar characteristics

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6
Q

Cellular/molecular

A

genetic similarities between species

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7
Q

Analogous structures

A

not closely related organisms acquiring similar characteristics

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8
Q

Homologous structures

A

common origin sometimes different functions

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9
Q

Fundamental niche

A

entire spectrum of conditions in which a species can survive and reproduce

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10
Q

Realized niche

A

Set of conditions actually used by a species due to competition

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11
Q

Intraspecific competition

A

Competition within species, drives divergence within populations

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12
Q

Interspecific competition

A

Competition between species, drives divergence within communities

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13
Q

Game animal

A

wildlife harvested for sport or subsistence

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14
Q

Nongame animal

A

wildlife not subject to harvest regulations

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15
Q

Fish`

A

Single species of fish or an individual

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16
Q

Fishes

A

More than 1 species

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17
Q

Fishery

A

Composed of 3 components
Biota
Habitat
Human user

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18
Q

Biota

A

all living organisms: combining flora and fauna

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19
Q

Habitat

A

resources

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20
Q

direct user

A

person who contributes to, uses, or directly benefits from a resource

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21
Q

Indirect user

A

person who uses or manages some aspect of a resource and in doing so affect some other aspect of the resource

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22
Q

Consumptive use

A

involves removal

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23
Q

Nonconsumptive use

A

use without removal

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24
Q

Wildlife

A

Free-ranging undomesticated animals in natural environment

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25
First book on fishery management
Carl Hubbs and Ralph Eschmeyer The Improvement of Lakes for Fishing (1938)
26
Wildlife definition in JWM
The practical ecology of all vertebrates and their plant and animal associates
27
Wildlife management
Manipulation of population or habitats to achieve desired goals by people
28
Active (direct) management
manipulate population Animals Environment
29
Inactive (passive, custodial, nonmanagement)
No action taken
30
Goals of wildlife management
Make it increase Make it decrease Harvest population for continuing yield Do nothing except monitor
31
Sources of wildlife funding
Fed or state appropriations User pay Private sector
32
User pay
License sale Excise tax Stamps
33
Excise tax
tax on a specific good when purchased
34
Federal or state appropriations
Most federal agencies and about 1/3 of state wildlife agencies Not always reliable General fund (taxpayer dollars) - 0.2% of CPW budget
35
Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Act
``` Pittman-Robertson Taxes - manufacturing level 11% excise tax on sporting arms 1970: handguns and archery equipment Distribution based on land area, # licenses, population ```
36
Federal aid in sport fish restoration act
Dingell-Johnson (1950) Taxes - manufacturing level 10% tax on fishing equipment Distribution based on land/water area, # fishing licenses
37
USFWS
Receives money and distributes to states in 3:1 match
38
User pay: stamps
Federal Duck stamps 98% of funds: wetland protection national wildlife refuge system
39
Colorado waterfowl stamp
CO: since 1989 >$6.7 million Protected >19,500 acres of wetland
40
Colorado Habitat Stamp
CO wildlife habitat protection program $3 million a year Since 2006: 173,864 acres (271 mi^2) conserved
41
Role of science in wildlife management
Generate the knowledge and develop the technical tools needed to sustain fish and wildlife populations as functioning elements of ecological systems
42
management decisions
What is the desired goal? Which management option is therefore appropriate? By what action is the management option best achieved?
43
management goals
1st phase in management - determine goals | Goals are value (not scientific) statements
44
Technical Judgements
How to best achieve goals | Testable/verifiable
45
Induction
reasoning that proceeds from specific set of observations the general inference to the whole Collect body of facts about some aspect of nature Look for patterns Draw general conclusions
46
Deduction
reasoning that uses observations or experiments to test hypothesis Begins with a specific hypothesis drawn from theory or patterns in nature Observations made, or experiments conducted, to falsify hypothesis Hypothesis withstands falsification is used to confirm, or reject, the theory being tested
47
Indicator species
species whose status provides info. On certain environmental conditions, seral stages, or treatments
48
Umbrella species
species with large home ranges and broad habitat requirements such that protecting it will save many other species
49
Flagship species
charismatic species that wins public support for conservation
50
Highly-interactive species
a species whos absence leads to significant changes in some feature of its ecosystem
51
Keystone species
Species that play critical ecological roles that are of greater importance than predicted based on their abundance
52
Foundation species
Highly interactive species that are often extremely abundant or ecologically dominant
53
Benefits and challenges of single-species management
hard for management to be effective longterm | Leaving other species out
54
Ecosystem management
an approach which integrates scientific knowledge of ecological relationships within a community Attempts to involve all stakeholders an expansion of traditional natural resource management in three dimensions
55
Ecosystem services
conditions and processes through which ecosystems and their constituent species sustain and fulfill all human life
56
benefits and challenges of ecosystem management
hard to manage the whole thing
57
Adaptive management
The process of implementing a policy decision incrementally, so that changes can be made if the desired results are not being achieved Similar to scientific experiment Feedback between management and monitoring
58
Process uncertainty
Natural variation in ecological systems (including random change) Environmental "noise" not explained by model Ecological systems complex, so can be large
59
Observation uncertainty
Sampling error | measurement error
60
Precautionary principle
Usually easier to prevent harm to biodiversity than to repair it later
61
Burden of proof in the standard cost benefit analysis
Burden is on the conservationists
62
Burden of proof in the precautionary principle
burden is on the developer
63
Romantic Transcendental Preservation Ethic
Philosophy of Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau - National Parks Service Nature 'temple' sullied by economic activities POlitical action of John Muir (1838-1914) Guides many NGOs
64
Resource Conservation Ethic
Gifford Pinchot Conservation - effort of maintaining and using natural resources wisely Natural resources - the greatest good for the greatest number of people for the longest time Wise use Multiple-use Forest service, BLM, department of interior
65
Evolutionary-ecological land ethic
Aldo Leopold (1886-1948) - father of wildlife management Nature complicated and integrated People "citizen-members" Co-founded TWS Organized wilderness society Conservation is a state of harmony between men and land - Aldo Leopold
66
Scientific
Intellectual interest in organisms as biological entities Knowledge and study - precise observation Public interest increased greatly Foster desire to conserve wildlife and their habitats
67
Ecologistic
Concern with ecosystems and species independence
68
Naturalistic
Interest in wildlife and their habitats through direct experience and contact Recreational activities Development of conservation ethic
69
Humanistic
Strong affection for individual animals Emotional Bonding Anthropomorphism
70
Moralistic
Moral, ethical, and spiritual importance of animals | Opposed to cruelty and overexploitation
71
Aesthetic
Interest in the physical attractiveness of animals Images inspire humans Useful for marketing
72
Symbolic
metaphorical and figurative significant of wildlife
73
Utilitarian
interest in the practical value of animals and their habitats Variety of tangible benefits Developing nations
74
Dominionistic
Mastery and control of animals | matching natures challenges -pursuit and conquest
75
negatavistic
Fear and aversion of animals | Danger competition to be dealt with lethally
76
attitudes -
evaluations of entities with some degree of favor or disfavor
77
Subjective norms
what you think important people want you to do
78
Behavioral intention
Perceived readiness to perform a given action
79
Behavior
action

FW260 (8 decks)

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