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FW260 > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

(83 cards)

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1
Q

Population

A

A group of organisms of a single species that interact and interbreed in a common place (particular area)

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2
Q

Abundance

A

Number of individuals

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3
Q

Density

A

number individuals per unit area

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4
Q

Distribution

A

spread or scatter

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5
Q

sex ratio

A

ratio of males to females

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6
Q

age structure

A

relative proportions of various age groups in a population

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7
Q

Natality

A

proportion of population newly born in a unit of time

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8
Q

mortality

A

proportion of a population dying in a unit of time

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9
Q

fecundity

A

number of organisms produced

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10
Q

recruitement

A

increment of new individuals added to a wildlife population by natural reproduction, immigration, or stocking

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11
Q

fertility

A

the potential capability of an organism to produce young

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12
Q

finite rate

A

discrete intervals

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13
Q

Instantaneous rate

A

time interval very short (continuous) (birth flow)

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14
Q

r

A

instantaneous rate of increase = biotic potential = innate capacity for increase = malthusian parameter = maximal rate of increase (rm)

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15
Q

Density independent

A

population process not affected by population size

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16
Q

density-dependent

A

population processes affected by population size

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17
Q

Environmental carrying capacity (k)

A

capacity of environment to “carry” a population

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18
Q

Environmental resistance

A

difference between environmental and logistic growth lines

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19
Q

Seasonality

A

mortality rate is much higher during harsh times of the year

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20
Q

sex difference

A

males often more vulnerable to predation, females to starvation or predation while birthing or caring for young

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21
Q

Experience

A

Some individuals will be better at avoiding risks

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22
Q

Age

A

Very young and old animals are often most vulnerable

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23
Q

Life table

A

a table of population data based on a sample of the population showing the age at which each new member died

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24
Q

Type I survivorship

A

most individuals die late in life (Elephants)

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25
Type II survivorship
Uniform rate of decline (mice, birds)
26
Type III survivorship
huge decline in young (fish)
27
R-selected
boom and bust High r Type III survivorship Low parental care
28
K-selected
conservative low r type I survivorship High parental care
29
net reproductive rate (R0)
mean number of offspring produced per female over her lifetime
30
Generation time (G)
average length of time between when an individual is born and the birth of its offspring
31
Value of life table
shows relationship between birth and death Estimate intrinsic rate of increase Model population dynamics Identify "weakest" link in population
32
Central question in wildlife management
at what population level should species be maintained?
33
Welfare factors
necessary aspects for survival
34
Examples of welfare factors
food, water, cover, space, oxygen
35
Decimating factors
those that kill directly (predation, hunting, disease, accidents, starvation)
36
nutrition
process animals use to procure and process portions of their external environment for the continued functioning of internal metabolism
37
Forage
browse and herbage, which is available and may provide food for grazing animals or be harvested for feeding
38
food habits
diets of wildlife
39
matter
materials that occur in the physical environment of the Earth and its atmosphere
40
Energy
required for growth and all metabolic processes (not recycled)
41
Maintenance requirements
intake at which animal's weight remains constant and the animal remains healthy
42
3 major food groups
carbohydrates, fats, proteins
43
carbohydrates
cellulose, starches, sugars. Short-term energy needs, small molecules
44
Proteins
energy similar to carbs Nucleic acids for cellular reproduction Can be very large
45
Fats
long-term storage of energy Intermediate size Highest energy content
46
Vitamins
organic compounds, which occur in food in minute amounts and cannot by synthesized by animals, and are essential for normal life and functioning
47
Minerals
essential inorganic elements Macroelements and trace elements Geophagy Salt licks
48
Function of digestion
break up large and complex molecules to sizes that may be absorbed and used for metabolism
49
Monogastic stomachs
Humans
50
Digastric stomachs
Ruminants
51
Foregut
Ruminants
52
Hindgut
Nonruminants
53
Cover
vegetative and topographic features that provide shelter from weather or concealment from predators
54
Succession
The orderly progression through time of changes in the community composition
55
pioneer
the first species of community in succession
56
climax
the ultimate expression of vegetational development under prevailing local or regional conditions
57
Fundamental niche
entire spectrum of conditions in which a species can survive and reproduce
58
Realized niche
set of conditions actually used by a species due to competition with other species
59
Competition
the use or defense of a resource by one individual that reduces availability of that resource to others
60
Interspecific competition
Competition between species
61
Habitat
the resource and conditions present in an area that produce occupancy, including survival and reproduction of a given organism
62
Liebig's Law of the Minimum
rate of growth of a population is dependent on the nutrient or other condition present in the minimum quantity in terms of need and availability
63
Limiting factor
the factor or condition outweighing other factors in limiting population growth
64
Carrying capacity
The maximum population an environment can sustain without causing damage such as overbrowsing
65
habitat use
the way an animal uses a collection of physical and biological entities in a habitat
66
habitat selection
a hierarchical process involving a series of innate and learned behavioral decisions made by an animal about what habitat it would use at different scales in the environment
67
Habitat preference
Used to describe the relative use of different locations (habitats) by an individual or species
68
habitat availability
the accessibility and procurability of physical and biological components of a habitat
69
Habitat quality
the ability of the area to provide conditions appropriate for individual and population persistence
70
Critical habitat
a legal term describing the physical or biological features essential to the conservation of a species
71
Predation
the act of predators capturing prey
72
carnivore
organism that depends in total or in part on killing another animal for food
73
carnivory
predator kills and eats animal prey
74
cannibalism
special case or carnivory where predator and prey same species
75
Herbivory
animal consume living green plants or their seeds and fruits
76
Parasitism
Parasite feeding on another animal (host)
77
Compensatory
The concept that one kind of mortality largely replaces another kind of mortality in animal populations
78
Additive
the concept that the effect of one kind of mortality is added to those of other sources of mortality
79
Trophic cascades
predators suppression of prey is decreased, thereby enhancing prey's impacts on the next lower trophic level herbivore impacts on plants
80
Mesopredator release
A collapsing population of the apex preators result in dramatically increased populations of mesopredators
81
Functional response
the behavioral response of individual predators in terms of consumption rate Type I, II, III
82
Numerical response
the response of predator populations through reproduction, immigration, and emigration
83
Causes of Type III functional response
Learning (search image, specialized capture techniques) Predator switching Prey refuge

FW260 (8 decks)

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