Midterm 1 Current Troubles

Question 1

When the centromere of a chromosome is at the very end

Answer 1

Telocentric

Question 2

When the centromere is very off Center but there is still parts on each side

Answer 2

Acrocentric

Question 3

When a centromere is a little off center

Answer 3

Submetacentric

Question 4

When a centromere is directly in the middle

Answer 4

Metacentric

Question 5

What is the purpose of PAR

Answer 5

Behave like autosomes and recombine during meiosis

Question 6

What is MSY

Answer 6

Non recombining section of DnA only on Y chromosome

Question 7

What is SRY

Answer 7

Region that codes for testis determining factor

Question 8

What is testis determining factor

Answer 8

What causes the formation of the testis which then release MIF hormones to degrade female organs and produce testosterone to develop male sex characteristics

Question 9

Examples of age dependent expression

Answer 9

Male pattern baldness (androgenic alopecia), huntingtons disease

Question 10

Example of sex limited gene expression

Answer 10

Hen or rooster feathering

Question 11

Example of sex linked

Answer 11

Color blindness

Question 12

Example of sex influenced

Answer 12

Male pattern baldness

Question 13

Example of temp-dependent gene expression

Answer 13

Himalayan rabbits where the pigment producing enzyme works from 15-25 degrees but not at 35 or above

Question 14

Why did Mendel study pea plants

Answer 14

They have short generation time, have different observable traits, controllable mating, cheap and available, grow fast

Question 15

Example of environmental impact on phenotype

Answer 15

Hydrangea flowers blue in ph 5.5 or lower pink in 6.5 or higher or purple 5.5-6.5

Question 16

Penetrance vs Expressivity

Answer 16

Penetrance is the proportion of individuals with a genotype who express the phenotype

Expressivity is the variation in expression between people with an allele

Question 17

Penetrance can be

Answer 17

Complete or incomplete

Question 18

Expressivity can be

Answer 18

Narrow or broad

Question 19

What is incomplete linkage

Answer 19

Two genes typically passed on with one another due to being close together on the chromosome

Question 20

What is unlinked genes

Answer 20

Genes far apart on a chromosome so are typically passed on independently of each other

Question 21

What is incomplete linkage

Answer 21

Genes close enough to be passed together normally but far enough to be independent sometimes

Question 22

What is a recombinant phenotype

Answer 22

A phenotype which arises due to crossing over

Question 23

What is Duchenne muscular dystrophy the result of

Answer 23

Lack of seek linked gene for muscle protein called dystrophin (recessive)

Question 24

Some sex linked disorders are

Answer 24

Hemophilia, duchenne muscular dystrophy, hypertrichosis

Question 25

Is someone has lots of hair all over their body they have

Answer 25

Hypertricosis

Question 26

Diseases caused by non-disjunction are

Answer 26

Down syndrome Klinefelter syndrome (XXY) Monopsony x (Turner’s syndrome) Trisomy x Jacob’s syndrome (XYY)

Question 27

What is a diseases which results in structural alterations of a chromosome

Answer 27

Cri du chat

Question 28

Cri du chat is a result of

Answer 28

A deletion of part of chromosome 5 Results in high pitch cat like cries

Question 29

What is Marfans symptoms and name for the genetic thing this results from

Answer 29

Pleiotropy Tall Disproportionate arms and legs Dislocation of lens of eye Heart issues Due to less of a protein which creates elastic fibrils being created

Question 30

Difference between plieotropy and polygenic inheritance

Answer 30

One gene many traits Many genes one trait

Question 31

Intra versus intergenic interaction

Answer 31

Intragenic is interactions between alleles on the same gene locus producing non Mendelian results Co dominance, incomplete dominance, multiple alleles Intergenic interaction is between different gene loci Epistasis or polygenic inheritance

Question 32

Example of dominant epistasis

Answer 32

Squash color

Question 33

Example of complimentary epistasis

Answer 33

Sweet pea flower color

Question 34

The genes of sweet pea flower color code for

Answer 34

Anthocyanin

Question 35

Duplicate dominant epi eg

Answer 35

Fruit shape of capsella bursa pastoris Triangle or oval

Question 36

Polymeric gene interaction epi eg

Answer 36

Squash fruit shape

Question 37

A genome is

Answer 37

All the dna in a cell

Question 38

A centrosome is the

Answer 38

Microtubule organizing center

Question 39

G1 checkpoint looks for

Answer 39

Cell size, nutrients, social signals, undamaged dna

Question 40

The G2 checkpoint checks if

Answer 40

Chromosomes are replicated, dna undamaged, active MPF present

Question 41

M checkpoints info

Answer 41

Checkpoint 3 and 4 Between metaphase and anaphase -apc active and that whole thing has happened Between anaphase and telophase - everything properly separated

Question 42

When does cyclin synthesis begin

Answer 42

S phase

Question 43

Tell me about the main internal signal we need to know

Answer 43

APC activates when kinetochore microtubules connect to all kinetochores, this causes the degradation of securin which is inhibiting seperase, now that seperase is uninhibited it separates chromatids by degrading cohesin proteins

Question 44

What are the 3 examples of external signals

Answer 44

Growth factors Density dependent inhibition Anchorage dependence

Question 45

What are the types of mutants

Answer 45

Weak, stronger, strongest

Question 46

Difference between homomorphic and homogametic sex

Answer 46

Homomorphic refers to two morphologically identical chromosomes where homogametic sex refers to the production of alike sex chromosomes eg XX

Question 47

What is hemizygous

Answer 47

Having one of a type of chromosome in an otherwise diploid organism X and y in xy

Question 48

What are all of the parts we need to know on a Y chromosome

Answer 48

PAR 1 and 2, MSY, SRY

Question 49

What is a Barr body

Answer 49

A compacted inactive form of an X chromosome

Question 50

When do Barr bodies form

Answer 50

Randomly in embryonic cells during x inactivation

Question 51

What gene initiates x inactivation

Answer 51

XIST gene

Question 52

How does XIST work

Answer 52

Produces copies of RNA which cover the chromosome and initiate X inactivation

Question 53

A fertilized egg is called a

Answer 53

Diploid zygote

Question 54

What is added to a karyotype to stop the cell cycle

Answer 54

Colchicine

Question 55

What part of the cell cycle does colchicine stop

Answer 55

Meiosis so chromosomes most condensed