Midterm 1 Review Flashcards
(134 cards)
1
Q
Aristole
A
384-332 BCE
-Greek philosopher
-1st comparative anatomist
-Scala Naturae
2
Q
Scala Naturae
A
order of nature by increasing complexity
–spontaneous generation
–static: fixity of species
3
Q
First scientist to include humans as part of nature in their classification?
A
Linnaeus
4
Q
Western World View of Middle Ages & Evidence
A
500-1500 CE
-Rome falls
-Biblical world view and decline of scientific thinking
-Evidence: genesis → agreeable and complete history
→ single origin: monogenesis
→ deluge: dispersal to variation
No prehistory
Rapid civilization after the fall
5
Q
Bishop Ussher
A
“biblical begats”
— how Earth formed
6
Q
Scientific Revolution: Renaissance 16th century Europe
A
Science: a framework for natural laws
- Copernicus → sun is the center of the universe
- Scientific method
- Recovery of classical texts
- Inventions → printing press, navigation
- Exploration
7
Q
What led to the challenge of monogenesis and the acceptance of polygenesis?
A
- Exploration: New people/culture/artifact leads to the challenge of “monogenesis”
*polygenesis → many origins
8
Q
Andreas Vesalius
A
1514-1564
– Belgian anatomist and physician
– Founder: modern anatomy
– Human dissections, comparative anatomy
– Student participation
– Modern medical text: “On the fabric of the human body based on dissection” 1543
9
Q
Enlightenment 17-18 century
A
Science: rational; enlightened thinking of the human condition
The new religion; Geology, biology arise
10
Q
Exploration led to…
A
- new plants, animals → natural historians
- Ethnographic, artifactual evidence of different cultures, people
- Public museum
- Industrialism
- Exploitation → Raw materials, non-Europeans
11
Q
John Ray
A
1627-1705
- minister, zoologist, naturalist
- 1st classification: animals/plants
- species, genus, fossils
12
Q
species classification
A
Reproductively isolated organisms
Specific ability to reproduce
Immunate
13
Q
Genus classification
A
similar species that share general traits
14
Q
fossils
A
formed at flood; ignorance of complete range of nature; no extinction
15
Q
Carolus Linnaeus
A
1707-1778
- swedish naturalist
- systema naturae
- taxonomy
- immutable classification (unchanging)
- binomial standardization
-introduced humans to classification
16
Q
Taxonomy
A
science of biological classification
- taxis: order, arrangement
- nomos: science, law
17
Q
Binomial standardization
A
genus, species
- Latin names, italics
- introduced order, class
- humans are part of primates: homo sapiens
18
Q
homo sapiens meaning
A
wise man
19
Q
George Leclerc, Comte de Buffon
A
1707-1788
- keeper of king’s garden, paris
- founder: natural history museums
- challenges fixity
**all species change over time to survive: migration, environmental change
- No macroevolution (new species)
20
Q
microevolution
A
chance inheritance; chance of receiving copy of allele
21
Q
Jean-Batiste Lamarck
A
1744-1829
- Naturalist, 1st evolutionary biologist
- study of organism and their progressive change
- use-disuse theory
22
Q
use-disuse theory
A
when certain organs become specially developed as a result of some environmental need, then that state of development is hereditary and can be passed on to progeny.
23
Q
environmental change –>
A
activity change –> use/disuse a body part (enlarge/shrink) –> change in organism –> inherited
24
Q
Lamarkianism
A
- use-disuse theory
- inherit acquired characteristics needed to survive in a particular environment
25
George Cuvie
1769-1832
- NHM Paris
- Anatomist
- Founder: paleontology
- catastrophism
26
catastrophism
Caused the earth’s features and extinction
-- French stratum fossils
Large mammoths, dinosaurs, extinct during disasters
Migration and repopulation by nearby species
27
Sir Charles Lyell
1797-1875
Hutton, Scotland 1785
Oxford U
Friends with Darwin
Founder: geology
Uniformitarianism
28
Uniformitarianism
the theory that changes in the earth's crust during geological history have resulted from the action of continuous and uniform processes.
29
Thomas Malthus
1766-1834
- clergyman, economist
- Founder: demography
- social conditions of overpopulated England
30
Demography
Overpopulated England
-- Poverty, social conditions
Essay of Principles of population
- Constant completion of food
- Who survives/ advantageous characteristic
31
Charles Darwin
- Wealthy family, naturalist
- Edinburgh University: medicine
- Lamarckian principles: transmutation
- Christs College, Cambridge: theology
- Joins HMS Beagle: naturalist
32
Darwin Theories
Galapagos Islands
Finch: beaks differed by island and habitat
Farmers: selective breedings (artifical selection)
33
Alfred Russel Wallace
1823-1913
- poor, little education → naturalist
- Expeditions: Amazon, SE Asia 1854
- Faunal discontinuity Asia/Australia
- 1855 paper: New species due to envt, adapt and survive
- Mathlthus connection
34
Mathlthus connection
- Evolution driven by completition and natural selection
- Species not fixed
1858: on the tendency of varieties to depart indefinitely from the original type
- Sends to Darwin for advice
- Joint presentation w wallace
1859: Darwin quickly publishes On the origin of species
35
Natural selection acts upon...
1. Individual variation
- Population changes, not the individual
2. Heritability
3. Differential reproductive success in a specific environment
****Those better adapted to survive, reproduce, and leave more offspring who will also survive and reproduce (do not grow new traits)
36
Elephant natural selection example
community of elephants with long and short trunks – those with longer trunks survive and reproduce because they can reach more food; so the next generations have more long trunks
37
polygenic
one phenotypic trait that is affected by two or more genes
Ex/ hair color, height, weight
38
pleiotrophy
single gene can have multiple effects
39
Gregor Mendel
- St. Thomas’ Abbey, Brno
- Brno Sheep Breeders Society
-- How to increase wool production?
- Inbreeding reduced quality
- Anomalies produced by normal sheep and villagers
- Generations skipped
- Needs selection for good wool
40
Law of segregation
- traits in pairs of units/genes
- 1 unit per parent
- units separate in sex cell division (meiosis)
- units reunite in fertilization
41
3 conclusions from Mendelian pea plants
1. law of segregation
2. law of independent assortment
3. mendelian traits
-- D vs R, homo vs hetero
42
Law of independent assortment
traits is inherited independently from 2 different chromosomes
43
Mendelian Traits
- discrete, discontinuous
- 15,000+ traits -- polydactyly, free-hanging ear lobes
- carrier
44
mendelian vs polygenic
- 1 gene locus vs more than 1 gene locus
- discontinuous vs continuous
- fixed vs environment?
- frequencies vs statistics
- loci identified vs undefined
45
sex-linked traits: x or y
X chromosomes most frequent
-- 154,000,000 base pairs, 1100+ genes
Y linked are rare (smaller chromosomes)
-- 57,000,000 bp, 250 genes
Males: Any X-linked or Y-linked trait expressed
Females: X-linked trait
**Heterozygous females are carriers
46
Modern Evolutionary Synthesis
1. Production & shuffling of variation
--- Genetics-inherited differences
2. Natural selection acts on variation
47
Functions of DNA
1. store information
2. replication
-- pass genetic info through cell division
3. protein synthesis
48
2 cell types
1. autosomes or somatic or body cells
2. gamete
49
autosomes
body cells from tissue
- repair and growth function
50
gamete
- reproduction
- 1 set of chromsomes of teach type
- 1n (23 chromosomes)
- sperm: x & y
- egg: x only
51
mitosis
Replicated DNA splits into 2 cells, with a replica of each chromatid
-- Produces new somatic/autosome cells
-- 2 identical new somatic daughter cells (23 chromosome pairs)
-- 46 chromosomes
52
meiosis
reproduces new sex cells (gametes) in testes and ovaries
-- 1N sperm and 1N egg = 2N zygote
-- 23 chromosomes
53
DNA transcribed in the nucleus to mRNA →
translated in the cytoplasm by the ribosome into protein amino acids
54
transcription
1. Small section of DNA strand separates the exposed gene
2. Free RNA ribonucleotides attracted
3. Complementary stand mRNA
4. mRNA breaks away, DNA strand rebounds
5. Moves out of nucleus into cytoplasm for ribosome to attach to
55
translation
1. Translates that code to create proteins from codons of amino acids chains
2. tRNA (transfer RNA) delivers anticodon (opposite of codon)
3. tRNA docks, amino acids bond and stack to form a protein
4. STOP codon
5. Releases protein chain
56
Modern Evolutionary Synthesis (Neo-Darwinism)
1. Production and shuffling of variation
-- Genetics (Mendel’s rediscovered work)
-- Inherited differences by DNA (1953) on chromosomes
2. Natural selection acts on variation
Filter for evolution (Darwin, Wallace)
57
deme
local reproductive population
58
gene pool
genetic material in the deme
59
Micro VS Macro Evolutionary Change
Micro: short term; allele frequencies change
Macro: long term; species change
60
what can cause allele frequencies to change?
1. mutation
2. gene flow
3. genetic drift
4. sexual selection
61
Spontaneous mutation
- meiosis cell division
- sister chromatids swap genes; unequal swapping
62
induced mutation
exposure to toxins/radiation (mutagens)
63
CFTR gene mutation
- For protein: cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
-- Common deletion mutation: CFTRdeltaF508
- F= amino acid phentylalanine at position 508
64
sickle cell gene mutation
Nonsynonymous point mutation of Hemoglobin-beta gene
--- Creates a new amino acid
--- Adenine replaces thymine
65
sickle cell anemia
- Poor RBC form (abn0rmal hemoglobin)
-- Catch on capillaries
- Lack of hemoglobin that carries oxygen to body tissues
-- Low, blocked blood oxygen
-- Joint pain, swelling; tiredness
-- Anemia, stroke, organ failure, Death
Sickled RBC: 10 days. VS Normal RBC: 120 days
- autosomal recessive
66
balanced polymorphism
2+ phenotypes maintained for a specific gene
67
heterozygote advantage for sickle cell disease
SS: less malaria deaths, but death to sickle cell
SA: survivors = poor host and small RBC
AA: more malaria deaths
68
gene flow
genetic exchange between groups --> migration and travel increase diversity
- permanent or temporary
69
genetic drift
random change of alleles
- bottleneck effect
- founder effect
70
bottleneck effect
restriction of all the genes continuing to future generations
-- catastrophe eliminates genes
71
founder effect
a small subset of a large group becomes reproductively isolated from gene pool (Not the parent pool)
-- colonization
72
Huntington's Disease
- 1st disease-associated gene mapped into chromosome
- Appears >40 years
-- Stays in the gene pool; due its incubation period being later in life
- Autosomal dominant → 50% risk
Protein: huntingtin
>35 repeats of glutamine=mHTT (mutatnt HTT for huntingtons disease)
73
sexual selection
- Some M and some F more reproductively successful
- Completion between males for female access
- Females tries to chose the best mate
- Parental investment
- Sexual dimorphism
- Size, shape, color in M:F
74
assertive mating (non-random)
Individuals preferentially mate with other who exhibit certain triats
-- Founder effect
-- Reduced gene flow
- Birth order, contracts, status, faith, wealth,
***OUTCOME = less genetic variability
75
disassortative mating (random)
Individuals preferentially mate with nonsimilar individuals
- Outside local gene pool (exogamy) → increased gene flow
*** OUTCOME = increased genetic variability
76
Hardy-Weinberg Law of Genetic Equilibrium
p + q = 1
p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1
p = D
q = R
77
homeostasis controller of the brain
hypothalamus
78
plasticity
The ability of an organism to positively respond to environmental stress
(behavior, physiology, morphology)
79
acclimatization
an organism's nongenetic way of coping with a stressor
- life-saving response
80
adaptation
natural selection for long-term evolutionary change
-- least reversible
81
heat stress acclimatization
- homeothermic
- vasodilation
- sweating
82
cold stress acclimatization
- vasoconstriction
- frost bite
- shivering
- BMR
83
high altitude stress acclimatization
- increased pulmonary capacity
- increased RBC production
- Vasodilation
- Simulated
84
The smaller the ratio of surface area (skin) to body mass...
the more the body will retain heat
**Bergmann and Allen's Rule
85
bigger brain of humans vs chimps =
obstetric issues
-- Mother and infant deaths
-- Decreased population
-- Decreased reproductive success
86
how to birth a bigger brain?
1. longer fetal period and wider pelvic inlet
2. same fetal period/ rapid postnatal brain growth and delayed body growth
87
Big Brain advantages and tradeoffs
- increased intelligence
- more complex social organization
- smaller brain at birth
- delayed adulthood, growth, and reproduction
88
teratogens
substances that cause anomalies during prenatal stages (1st 3 months)
89
Environmental stressors on maternal and fetal health:
1. Radiation
2. Infections (ex/ syphilis)
3. Medication (ex/ thalidomide: helped with motion sickness, but affected organs)
4. Recreational drugs, alcohol, smoking
5. Poor nutrition
90
infant years
birth to 2-3 years
91
infant details
- rapid growth
- brain 50% of adult size at 6 months
- totally dependent through nursing
** ends when deciduous teeth complete at 2-3 years
92
child years
weaning 2-3 years to 7 years
93
child details
continued brain growth brain at 9% at 6 years
- slow body growth
**ends when molar erupts at about 6 years
- adult good
- neuromuscular coordination
- net consumer
94
developmental plasticity
slow and variable environmental adaptation to increase survival
95
Juvenile stage years
F: 7-10
M: 7-12
96
juvenile stage details
- molar appearance
- mid-childhood growth spurt at 6-8 years
** ends at molar 2 with puberty
- apprentice adult
- slowly adapting to an environment
- delays reproduction = delayed community growth
97
adolescence stage years
F: 10-18
M: 12-20
98
adolescence stage details
- begins at puberty
- sex traits and sexual dimorphism
- females 1st menses
- growth spurts
*** ends at M3
- net producer
- preparing female pelvis for reproduction
- catch up growth
99
adult stage years
18/20 to 50 years
100
adult stage details
- growth stops
- max reproductive effort
- parental investment; child survival without expense of the parents health
101
Post-reproductive longevity years
50 to death
102
Post-reproductive longevity details
- menopause
- aging
- reduced homeostasis
- senescence
- grandmother hypothesis
- emotional stress over the degeneration of the body
103
senescence
biological process of loosing tissue and organ function that reducing ability to respond to recess with increasing death
104
life world expentancy
73.2 years
105
why bother with NHP?
- comparative basis for understanding our own behavior
- diversity
106
socioecological approach to studying behavior
behavior, social organization, and diet adapted to local ecology
107
evolutionary approach to studying behavior
natural selection favors behavior that enhances survival and reproductive success
108
chimpanzee
pan troglodyte
- 98.9% of DNA with humans
- 4 subspecies
Habitat: Africa; tropical forest, savanna, fringe
- semiterrestrial
109
resource competition in chimpanzees
- good for female reproductive success
- food quality; better food fed to females
- omnivorous: abundance of plants, but less fruit honey, eggs, milk
- 300 different plants
110
predatory avoidance
- good for male reproductive success as females are the limiting resource
- increasing females increasing males
- large groups are more visible
- maximizing access, avoid predator
111
social group
regular interaction, recognition
112
social structure
demographics, sex, age, kinship
113
social organization
behavioral aspects of structure, residence, spatial distribution, relationships
114
gorilla dimorphism
high dimorphism
male = 1.5 x F
polygynous: 1 M, many Fs
115
chimp dimorphism
moderate dimorphism
male = 1.3 x F
multiple M and F
everyone breeds (polygamy)
116
owl monkey dimorphism
none
male = female 1:1
monogamous
117
chimp facial expression
happy: top lip over teeth, bottom teeth exposed
fear/anger: teeth exposed by lips pulled back
118
measuring chimp dominance
1. monitor fights
2. food test
3. direction of threats
4. supplantation, submission
5. copulation interruption (intercourse)
6. intervention
119
measuring chimp social hierarchy
1. reproductive success
2. multi M-F groups with alpha M and F
3. mother rank until adult
120
chimps social organization
unit: mother and offspring
30-80 members
seasonal fission/fusion
** F may transfer after birth, but M remain
121
how often do chimps go on hunting patrol
4-10 times a months
122
selective sharing of meat
- not cheaters
- used as political tool and curry male alliances
123
interbirth interval
balancing current offspring's survival with additional offspring
124
mother/infant bond (female investment)
4 years with mother's rank
- smallest social unit
- provide food, survival teaching, protection
125
male investment
- fertilize egg
- care if male has parental certainty
- protection
126
infanticide
killing off of genes of competitor
- no infant --> receptive female
127
quene
long arm of DNA
128
petite
short p arm of DNA
129
2 rules that describe the relationship between thermoregulation and limb length and body size in animals
Bergmann and Allen
130
human life stage that is different from chimp
childhood
131
majority of methylation occurs on...
cytosine; open H willing to accept more C and H
132
Roseland Franklin
discovered DNA
133
heterozygote in sickle cell anemia is an example of ...
balanced polymorphism
134
balanced polymorphism
a situation in which two different versions of a gene are maintained in a population of organisms because individuals carrying both versions are better able to survive than those who have two copies of either version alone
