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bio anthropology > Midterm 1 Review > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Review Flashcards

1
Q

Aristole

A

384-332 BCE
-Greek philosopher
-1st comparative anatomist
-Scala Naturae

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2
Q

Scala Naturae

A

order of nature by increasing complexity
–spontaneous generation
–static: fixity of species

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3
Q

First scientist to include humans as part of nature in their classification?

A

Linnaeus

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4
Q

Western World View of Middle Ages & Evidence

A

500-1500 CE
-Rome falls
-Biblical world view and decline of scientific thinking

-Evidence: genesis → agreeable and complete history
→ single origin: monogenesis
→ deluge: dispersal to variation
No prehistory
Rapid civilization after the fall

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5
Q

Bishop Ussher

A

“biblical begats”
— how Earth formed

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6
Q

Scientific Revolution: Renaissance 16th century Europe

A

Science: a framework for natural laws
- Copernicus → sun is the center of the universe
- Scientific method
- Recovery of classical texts
- Inventions → printing press, navigation
- Exploration

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7
Q

What led to the challenge of monogenesis and the acceptance of polygenesis?

A
  • Exploration: New people/culture/artifact leads to the challenge of “monogenesis”
    *polygenesis → many origins
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8
Q

Andreas Vesalius

A

1514-1564
– Belgian anatomist and physician
– Founder: modern anatomy
– Human dissections, comparative anatomy
– Student participation
– Modern medical text: “On the fabric of the human body based on dissection” 1543

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9
Q

Enlightenment 17-18 century

A

Science: rational; enlightened thinking of the human condition
The new religion; Geology, biology arise

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10
Q

Exploration led to…

A
  • new plants, animals → natural historians
  • Ethnographic, artifactual evidence of different cultures, people
  • Public museum
  • Industrialism
  • Exploitation → Raw materials, non-Europeans
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11
Q

John Ray

A

1627-1705
- minister, zoologist, naturalist
- 1st classification: animals/plants
- species, genus, fossils

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12
Q

species classification

A

Reproductively isolated organisms
Specific ability to reproduce
Immunate

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13
Q

Genus classification

A

similar species that share general traits

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14
Q

fossils

A

formed at flood; ignorance of complete range of nature; no extinction

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15
Q

Carolus Linnaeus

A

1707-1778
- swedish naturalist
- systema naturae
- taxonomy
- immutable classification (unchanging)
- binomial standardization
-introduced humans to classification

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16
Q

Taxonomy

A

science of biological classification
- taxis: order, arrangement
- nomos: science, law

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17
Q

Binomial standardization

A

genus, species
- Latin names, italics
- introduced order, class
- humans are part of primates: homo sapiens

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18
Q

homo sapiens meaning

A

wise man

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19
Q

George Leclerc, Comte de Buffon

A

1707-1788
- keeper of king’s garden, paris
- founder: natural history museums
- challenges fixity
**all species change over time to survive: migration, environmental change
- No macroevolution (new species)

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20
Q

microevolution

A

chance inheritance; chance of receiving copy of allele

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21
Q

Jean-Batiste Lamarck

A

1744-1829
- Naturalist, 1st evolutionary biologist
- study of organism and their progressive change
- use-disuse theory

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22
Q

use-disuse theory

A

when certain organs become specially developed as a result of some environmental need, then that state of development is hereditary and can be passed on to progeny.

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23
Q

environmental change –>

A

activity change –> use/disuse a body part (enlarge/shrink) –> change in organism –> inherited

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24
Q

Lamarkianism

A
  • use-disuse theory
  • inherit acquired characteristics needed to survive in a particular environment
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25
Q

George Cuvie

A

1769-1832
- NHM Paris
- Anatomist
- Founder: paleontology
- catastrophism

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26
Q

catastrophism

A

Caused the earth’s features and extinction
– French stratum fossils
Large mammoths, dinosaurs, extinct during disasters
Migration and repopulation by nearby species

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27
Q

Sir Charles Lyell

A

1797-1875
Hutton, Scotland 1785
Oxford U
Friends with Darwin
Founder: geology
Uniformitarianism

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28
Q

Uniformitarianism

A

the theory that changes in the earth’s crust during geological history have resulted from the action of continuous and uniform processes.

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29
Q

Thomas Malthus

A

1766-1834
- clergyman, economist
- Founder: demography
- social conditions of overpopulated England

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30
Q

Demography

A

Overpopulated England
– Poverty, social conditions
Essay of Principles of population
- Constant completion of food
- Who survives/ advantageous characteristic

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31
Q

Charles Darwin

A
  • Wealthy family, naturalist
  • Edinburgh University: medicine
  • Lamarckian principles: transmutation
  • Christs College, Cambridge: theology
  • Joins HMS Beagle: naturalist
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32
Q

Darwin Theories

A

Galapagos Islands
Finch: beaks differed by island and habitat
Farmers: selective breedings (artifical selection)

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33
Q

Alfred Russel Wallace

A

1823-1913
- poor, little education → naturalist
- Expeditions: Amazon, SE Asia 1854
- Faunal discontinuity Asia/Australia
- 1855 paper: New species due to envt, adapt and survive
- Mathlthus connection

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34
Q

Mathlthus connection

A
  • Evolution driven by completition and natural selection
  • Species not fixed
    1858: on the tendency of varieties to depart indefinitely from the original type
  • Sends to Darwin for advice
  • Joint presentation w wallace
    1859: Darwin quickly publishes On the origin of species
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35
Q

Natural selection acts upon…

A
  1. Individual variation
    - Population changes, not the individual
  2. Heritability
  3. Differential reproductive success in a specific environment
    **Those better adapted to survive, reproduce, and leave more offspring who will also survive and reproduce (do not grow new traits)
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36
Q

Elephant natural selection example

A

community of elephants with long and short trunks – those with longer trunks survive and reproduce because they can reach more food; so the next generations have more long trunks

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37
Q

polygenic

A

one phenotypic trait that is affected by two or more genes
Ex/ hair color, height, weight

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38
Q

pleiotrophy

A

single gene can have multiple effects

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39
Q

Gregor Mendel

A
  • St. Thomas’ Abbey, Brno
  • Brno Sheep Breeders Society
    – How to increase wool production?
  • Inbreeding reduced quality
  • Anomalies produced by normal sheep and villagers
  • Generations skipped
  • Needs selection for good wool
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40
Q

Law of segregation

A
  • traits in pairs of units/genes
  • 1 unit per parent
  • units separate in sex cell division (meiosis)
  • units reunite in fertilization
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41
Q

3 conclusions from Mendelian pea plants

A
  1. law of segregation
  2. law of independent assortment
  3. mendelian traits
    – D vs R, homo vs hetero
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42
Q

Law of independent assortment

A

traits is inherited independently from 2 different chromosomes

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43
Q

Mendelian Traits

A
  • discrete, discontinuous
  • 15,000+ traits – polydactyly, free-hanging ear lobes
  • carrier
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44
Q

mendelian vs polygenic

A
  • 1 gene locus vs more than 1 gene locus
  • discontinuous vs continuous
  • fixed vs environment?
  • frequencies vs statistics
  • loci identified vs undefined
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45
Q

sex-linked traits: x or y

A

X chromosomes most frequent
– 154,000,000 base pairs, 1100+ genes
Y linked are rare (smaller chromosomes)
– 57,000,000 bp, 250 genes
Males: Any X-linked or Y-linked trait expressed
Females: X-linked trait
**Heterozygous females are carriers

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46
Q

Modern Evolutionary Synthesis

A
  1. Production & shuffling of variation
    — Genetics-inherited differences
  2. Natural selection acts on variation
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47
Q

Functions of DNA

A
  1. store information
  2. replication
    – pass genetic info through cell division
  3. protein synthesis
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48
Q

2 cell types

A
  1. autosomes or somatic or body cells
  2. gamete
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49
Q

autosomes

A

body cells from tissue
- repair and growth function

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50
Q

gamete

A
  • reproduction
  • 1 set of chromsomes of teach type
  • 1n (23 chromosomes)
  • sperm: x & y
  • egg: x only
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51
Q

mitosis

A

Replicated DNA splits into 2 cells, with a replica of each chromatid
– Produces new somatic/autosome cells
– 2 identical new somatic daughter cells (23 chromosome pairs)
– 46 chromosomes

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52
Q

meiosis

A

reproduces new sex cells (gametes) in testes and ovaries
– 1N sperm and 1N egg = 2N zygote
– 23 chromosomes

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53
Q

DNA transcribed in the nucleus to mRNA →

A

translated in the cytoplasm by the ribosome into protein amino acids

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54
Q

transcription

A
  1. Small section of DNA strand separates the exposed gene
  2. Free RNA ribonucleotides attracted
  3. Complementary stand mRNA
  4. mRNA breaks away, DNA strand rebounds
  5. Moves out of nucleus into cytoplasm for ribosome to attach to
55
Q

translation

A
  1. Translates that code to create proteins from codons of amino acids chains
  2. tRNA (transfer RNA) delivers anticodon (opposite of codon)
  3. tRNA docks, amino acids bond and stack to form a protein
  4. STOP codon
  5. Releases protein chain
56
Q

Modern Evolutionary Synthesis (Neo-Darwinism)

A
  1. Production and shuffling of variation
    – Genetics (Mendel’s rediscovered work)
    – Inherited differences by DNA (1953) on chromosomes
  2. Natural selection acts on variation
    Filter for evolution (Darwin, Wallace)
57
Q

deme

A

local reproductive population

58
Q

gene pool

A

genetic material in the deme

59
Q

Micro VS Macro Evolutionary Change

A

Micro: short term; allele frequencies change
Macro: long term; species change

60
Q

what can cause allele frequencies to change?

A
  1. mutation
  2. gene flow
  3. genetic drift
  4. sexual selection
61
Q

Spontaneous mutation

A
  • meiosis cell division
  • sister chromatids swap genes; unequal swapping
62
Q

induced mutation

A

exposure to toxins/radiation (mutagens)

63
Q

CFTR gene mutation

A
  • For protein: cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
    – Common deletion mutation: CFTRdeltaF508
  • F= amino acid phentylalanine at position 508
64
Q

sickle cell gene mutation

A

Nonsynonymous point mutation of Hemoglobin-beta gene
— Creates a new amino acid
— Adenine replaces thymine

65
Q

sickle cell anemia

A
  • Poor RBC form (abn0rmal hemoglobin)
    – Catch on capillaries
  • Lack of hemoglobin that carries oxygen to body tissues
    – Low, blocked blood oxygen
    – Joint pain, swelling; tiredness
    – Anemia, stroke, organ failure, Death
    Sickled RBC: 10 days. VS Normal RBC: 120 days
  • autosomal recessive
66
Q

balanced polymorphism

A

2+ phenotypes maintained for a specific gene

67
Q

heterozygote advantage for sickle cell disease

A

SS: less malaria deaths, but death to sickle cell
SA: survivors = poor host and small RBC
AA: more malaria deaths

68
Q

gene flow

A

genetic exchange between groups –> migration and travel increase diversity
- permanent or temporary

69
Q

genetic drift

A

random change of alleles
- bottleneck effect
- founder effect

70
Q

bottleneck effect

A

restriction of all the genes continuing to future generations
– catastrophe eliminates genes

71
Q

founder effect

A

a small subset of a large group becomes reproductively isolated from gene pool (Not the parent pool)
– colonization

72
Q

Huntington’s Disease

A
  • 1st disease-associated gene mapped into chromosome
  • Appears >40 years
    – Stays in the gene pool; due its incubation period being later in life
  • Autosomal dominant → 50% risk
    Protein: huntingtin
    >35 repeats of glutamine=mHTT (mutatnt HTT for huntingtons disease)
73
Q

sexual selection

A
  • Some M and some F more reproductively successful
  • Completion between males for female access
  • Females tries to chose the best mate
  • Parental investment
  • Sexual dimorphism
  • Size, shape, color in M:F
74
Q

assertive mating (non-random)

A

Individuals preferentially mate with other who exhibit certain triats
– Founder effect
– Reduced gene flow
- Birth order, contracts, status, faith, wealth,
***OUTCOME = less genetic variability

75
Q

disassortative mating (random)

A

Individuals preferentially mate with nonsimilar individuals
- Outside local gene pool (exogamy) → increased gene flow
*** OUTCOME = increased genetic variability

76
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Law of Genetic Equilibrium

A

p + q = 1
p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1
p = D
q = R

77
Q

homeostasis controller of the brain

A

hypothalamus

78
Q

plasticity

A

The ability of an organism to positively respond to environmental stress
(behavior, physiology, morphology)

79
Q

acclimatization

A

an organism’s nongenetic way of coping with a stressor
- life-saving response

80
Q

adaptation

A

natural selection for long-term evolutionary change
– least reversible

81
Q

heat stress acclimatization

A
  • homeothermic
  • vasodilation
  • sweating
82
Q

cold stress acclimatization

A
  • vasoconstriction
  • frost bite
  • shivering
  • BMR
83
Q

high altitude stress acclimatization

A
  • increased pulmonary capacity
  • increased RBC production
  • Vasodilation
  • Simulated
84
Q

The smaller the ratio of surface area (skin) to body mass…

A

the more the body will retain heat
**Bergmann and Allen’s Rule

85
Q

bigger brain of humans vs chimps =

A

obstetric issues
– Mother and infant deaths
– Decreased population
– Decreased reproductive success

86
Q

how to birth a bigger brain?

A
  1. longer fetal period and wider pelvic inlet
  2. same fetal period/ rapid postnatal brain growth and delayed body growth
87
Q

Big Brain advantages and tradeoffs

A
  • increased intelligence
  • more complex social organization
  • smaller brain at birth
  • delayed adulthood, growth, and reproduction
88
Q

teratogens

A

substances that cause anomalies during prenatal stages (1st 3 months)

89
Q

Environmental stressors on maternal and fetal health:

A
  1. Radiation
  2. Infections (ex/ syphilis)
  3. Medication (ex/ thalidomide: helped with motion sickness, but affected organs)
  4. Recreational drugs, alcohol, smoking
  5. Poor nutrition
90
Q

infant years

A

birth to 2-3 years

91
Q

infant details

A
  • rapid growth
  • brain 50% of adult size at 6 months
  • totally dependent through nursing
    ** ends when deciduous teeth complete at 2-3 years
92
Q

child years

A

weaning 2-3 years to 7 years

93
Q

child details

A

continued brain growth brain at 9% at 6 years
- slow body growth
**ends when molar erupts at about 6 years

  • adult good
  • neuromuscular coordination
  • net consumer
94
Q

developmental plasticity

A

slow and variable environmental adaptation to increase survival

95
Q

Juvenile stage years

A

F: 7-10
M: 7-12

96
Q

juvenile stage details

A
  • molar appearance
  • mid-childhood growth spurt at 6-8 years
    ** ends at molar 2 with puberty
  • apprentice adult
  • slowly adapting to an environment
  • delays reproduction = delayed community growth
97
Q

adolescence stage years

A

F: 10-18
M: 12-20

98
Q

adolescence stage details

A
  • begins at puberty
  • sex traits and sexual dimorphism
  • females 1st menses
  • growth spurts
    *** ends at M3
  • net producer
  • preparing female pelvis for reproduction
  • catch up growth
99
Q

adult stage years

A

18/20 to 50 years

100
Q

adult stage details

A
  • growth stops
  • max reproductive effort
  • parental investment; child survival without expense of the parents health
101
Q

Post-reproductive longevity years

A

50 to death

102
Q

Post-reproductive longevity details

A
  • menopause
  • aging
  • reduced homeostasis
  • senescence
  • grandmother hypothesis
  • emotional stress over the degeneration of the body
103
Q

senescence

A

biological process of loosing tissue and organ function that reducing ability to respond to recess with increasing death

104
Q

life world expentancy

A

73.2 years

105
Q

why bother with NHP?

A
  • comparative basis for understanding our own behavior
  • diversity
106
Q

socioecological approach to studying behavior

A

behavior, social organization, and diet adapted to local ecology

107
Q

evolutionary approach to studying behavior

A

natural selection favors behavior that enhances survival and reproductive success

108
Q

chimpanzee

A

pan troglodyte
- 98.9% of DNA with humans
- 4 subspecies
Habitat: Africa; tropical forest, savanna, fringe
- semiterrestrial

109
Q

resource competition in chimpanzees

A
  • good for female reproductive success
  • food quality; better food fed to females
  • omnivorous: abundance of plants, but less fruit honey, eggs, milk
  • 300 different plants
110
Q

predatory avoidance

A
  • good for male reproductive success as females are the limiting resource
  • increasing females increasing males
  • large groups are more visible
  • maximizing access, avoid predator
111
Q

social group

A

regular interaction, recognition

112
Q

social structure

A

demographics, sex, age, kinship

113
Q

social organization

A

behavioral aspects of structure, residence, spatial distribution, relationships

114
Q

gorilla dimorphism

A

high dimorphism
male = 1.5 x F
polygynous: 1 M, many Fs

115
Q

chimp dimorphism

A

moderate dimorphism
male = 1.3 x F
multiple M and F
everyone breeds (polygamy)

116
Q

owl monkey dimorphism

A

none
male = female 1:1
monogamous

117
Q

chimp facial expression

A

happy: top lip over teeth, bottom teeth exposed
fear/anger: teeth exposed by lips pulled back

118
Q

measuring chimp dominance

A
  1. monitor fights
  2. food test
  3. direction of threats
  4. supplantation, submission
  5. copulation interruption (intercourse)
  6. intervention
119
Q

measuring chimp social hierarchy

A
  1. reproductive success
  2. multi M-F groups with alpha M and F
  3. mother rank until adult
120
Q

chimps social organization

A

unit: mother and offspring
30-80 members
seasonal fission/fusion
** F may transfer after birth, but M remain

121
Q

how often do chimps go on hunting patrol

A

4-10 times a months

122
Q

selective sharing of meat

A
  • not cheaters
  • used as political tool and curry male alliances
123
Q

interbirth interval

A

balancing current offspring’s survival with additional offspring

124
Q

mother/infant bond (female investment)

A

4 years with mother’s rank
- smallest social unit
- provide food, survival teaching, protection

125
Q

male investment

A
  • fertilize egg
  • care if male has parental certainty
  • protection
126
Q

infanticide

A

killing off of genes of competitor
- no infant –> receptive female

127
Q

quene

A

long arm of DNA

128
Q

petite

A

short p arm of DNA

129
Q

2 rules that describe the relationship between thermoregulation and limb length and body size in animals

A

Bergmann and Allen

130
Q

human life stage that is different from chimp

A

childhood

131
Q

majority of methylation occurs on…

A

cytosine; open H willing to accept more C and H

132
Q

Roseland Franklin

A

discovered DNA

133
Q

heterozygote in sickle cell anemia is an example of …

A

balanced polymorphism

134
Q

balanced polymorphism

A

a situation in which two different versions of a gene are maintained in a population of organisms because individuals carrying both versions are better able to survive than those who have two copies of either version alone

bio anthropology (2 decks)

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