Midterm 2 Review Flashcards
(131 cards)
1
Q
how many bones in the human skeleton?
A
206
2
Q
cranial vs post cranial
A
skull vs below the skull
3
Q
appendicular vs axial
A
appendages vs skull/abdomen
4
Q
joint
A
articulation between 2+ bone movements
— through tendons and ligaments
5
Q
tendons
A
muscle attaching to bone
6
Q
ligaments
A
bone attaching to bone
7
Q
skull is made up of the…
A
cranium and mandible
8
Q
sutures of the skull
A
fibrous joints that do not provide movement
9
Q
coronal suture of the skull
A
horizontal
10
Q
sagittal suture of the skull
A
vertical
11
Q
jaw and teeth bones
A
maxilla
12
Q
zygomatic
A
bones on the edge of the eye socket
13
Q
nasal aperture bone
A
maxillae
14
Q
vertebral column functions
A
supports upper body
protects the spinal cord
15
Q
vertebral column bones
A
24 movable vertebrae
- 7 cervical
- 12 thoracic
- 5 lumbar
10 fused vertebrae
- 5 sacrum
- 5 coccyx
16
Q
posterior vs anterior sacrum
A
- posterior = rough
- anterior = smooth, dish-like
17
Q
how many ribs
A
12 ribs per side
- thicker head
- thinner sternal end (attaches to sternum)
18
Q
shaft of the long bone
A
diaphysis
19
Q
hand number of bones
A
54 bones
- 27 on each side
14 = phalanges
5 = metacarpals (palm)
8 = carpals
20
Q
what makes up the pelvic basin
A
pelvic bones, sacrum, coccyx
– illium, ischium, pubis
21
Q
bones of the knee joint
A
femur, patella, tibia
22
Q
bones of the lower leg
A
patella, fibula, tibia
23
Q
number of bones in the ankle and foot
A
52= 26 L and R
- 7 tarsals
- 5 metatarsals
- 14 phalanges
24
Q
Bioarchaeologist
A
Team Leader: project direction
- Individual & populational histories w/ Unknown ID
- Past responses to social/environmental conditions
25
archaeological sites and dates
archaeology >100 years
Paleontology: > 10,000 BCE
26
osteobiography of bioarchaeologist
individual lived experience
what this means in their society
27
forensic anthropologist
Team Leader: medical examiner
--- Forensic (legal) significance
--- Decedent focus: ID
--- Repatriation to family
Living: refugee child rights - 18 years
28
osteobiography of of forensic anthropologists
Identification, narrow profile
29
datum
permanent reference point for all vertical and horizontal neasuremnets taken at the site
30
USGS
US Geological Survey
31
GIS
Geographic information system
-- pulls data together and layers different types of data
32
bagging and labeling for forensics
1. Case # & site
2. Bag #
3. Brief description
4. Provenience – grid unit or feature
5. Date, Excavator
33
sampling types
- soil samples
- insect samples
- plant samples
- final photos
34
human biological sex estimation
M:F = 92%
- pelvic bone for best estimation
35
pelvic bone in female vs male
- Ventral arc – expansion of female pubic bone for childbirth
- Medical ischiopubic ramus – thick vs thin
- Subpubic cavity – concave for female vs convex for male
- Sciatic notch – wider for females
- Preauricular sulcus – wide groove for females
- Skull – ridge is more robust on male
- Supraorbital margin – sharper edge = female
- Mental eminence - small chin = female
- Nuchal crest
- Mastoid process
36
Chemical analysis of bones and teeth
C3 Plants (wheat) → wet, wooded environment
C4 Plants (corn) → open grassland, tropical savannas
37
Stable Isotopes: carbon and nitrogen
- Helped uncover migratory routes, trophic levels, and the geographic origin of migratory animals
- Used on land & ocean and have revolutionized how researchers study animal movement
38
Electron Spin Resonance
- used to date quartz, fossilized teeth, flint, limestone, and even eggshells
- Uses radiation to cause electrons to seperate from atoms, which changes the magnetic field at a predictable rate
39
Potassium-argon dating or K-AR dating
- radiometric dating method used in geochronology and archeology
--- Based on the measurement of the product of the radioactive decay of an isotope of potassium (K) into argon (Ar)
- Useful for dating very old specimens or closely associated rock layers
40
charcoal dating
- to separate charcoal from the sediment matrix; used tweezers or micro tweezers
- For large pieces of charcoal that are no covered in a lot of clay, you can use water flotation. Dry charcoal samples at temperatures less than 70C for 12-24 hours prior to shipping
41
wood dating
- use water flotation to separate wood fro sediment matrix
- For conserved wood, make sure to selected samples from a sectation that does not show any signs of insect activity or rot and has not been treated with preservatives or additives
42
bone and teeth dating
- Collect good cortical bone fragments from larger bones of the body, since there bone fragments preserve well
- Larger bones = femur, tibia, upper arm bone, skull plate, jaw
- Effective range: 500 to 50,000 years
43
absolute dating methods
*radiocarbon
--- presented with before present (1950 AD)
2000 +/- 150 BP
44
Case Study: Chaco Canyon -- Tree Ring Dating
- can be seen as a blend of relative and absolute dating methods
- Tree rings show where timber used for Cacho Canyon great houses timbers were from, how old the were, and how sources changed over time
(850-1250 AD)
45
index fossil
useful for dating and correlating the strata to which it is found
46
fossil
- preserved traces and remains of an organism that lived long ago
- about 10,000 years for fossilization
- Occurs only in sedimentary rocks & processes
- A process of mineralization, a replacement of organic material with non-organic compounds
- Requires a rapid burial process
47
Case Study: The Snowmastodon Project, CO
- Snowmass Village, Colorado (160 mi W o Denver)
- An example of rapid burial caused by an earthquake for fossilization
- Occurred during a waning glacial period 130,000 years ago (warming period between glaciations)
48
Mildred Trotter
- 1970s
- predict stature from 6 long bones rather than clavicle
- using anatomical skeletons and osteometric boards
- 5027 M/Fs from 18-30 years of age
49
predicting stature - regression line
- line of best fit between long bone lengths and stature
- stature - DV
- long bone -IV
50
formula for stature calculation
2.28 x femur length + 59.67 +/- 3.41 cm
51
examples of disease ID
- Arthritis: Joint destruction
--- Osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis
- Scoliosis: spinal unalignment
- Dental: anomalies or disease
52
antemortem injury details
- blunt edges
- callus (inflammation and healing)
- disorganized bone
53
Perimortem (around death)
- angled, sharp edges
- hinges: splintering of the bone
- no visible healing
- homogenous color
54
Postmortem (taphonomy)
- sharp edges
- flat right angles
- no healing
- fresh color at bone edges
55
taphomony
- Postmortem changes ot the body
- Distinguish natural changes from international human changes
- Forensic: rule out a crime
- Bioarch: avoid social misinterpreation
56
decomposition
stages through which the body progresses from the moment of death (fresh) to skeletonized in a given climate
57
postmortem interval
time between death and discovery
58
Forensic Anthropology Center (FAC)
-- The Body Farm, U of Tennessee est. 1980
Taphonomic factors affecting decomposition
-Weathering
- Animal scavenging & gnawing
- Insects
- Plants
- Season, sunshine, shade
- Burial: soil, depth, covering
- Deposition: surface, water, burial
- Specific to climate
--- Texas State U, Southern Illinois U
Austrailia, Canada
59
Epidemiological bioarchaeology
- the study of human remains from archeological contexts
- Assess the biological condition of populations and consequences for biological and cultural reproduction of the society
- Evolutioanry & population perspective on disease
60
Agriculture: good idea but with tradeoffs?
- Settled communities, shelter
- Decreased birth interval: population growth
- Access to variable skills, trade
- Single crop reliance: vermin, drought
-- Food shortages
- Increase in Nutritional deficiencies
-- Decrease in stature, health
-- Increase in fetal and maternal stress
-- Increase childhood health stress: DEH (dental enamel)
-- Increase death rate
-- Increase in dental disease (carbs)
- Increase population, density
-- Increase infectious disease: zoonoticm parasitic
-- Increase in social unrest: interpersonal, raids
61
Social Bioarchaeology
study of skeletal remains in an archaeological context
- Funerary archaeology + skeletal remains
*lived experiences marked on the body used to understand past lives and social processes
62
grave goods?
Status, wealth, identity, trade, inequality, ideology, ritual, social complexity, ethinicity
63
health: paleopathology, parasites ?
Disease, disability, care, treatment, sanitation, inequity, structural violence, oppression
64
Activity: muscle markers, joint disease?
Labor patterns, work intensity, inequality
65
Bone chemistry: isotopes, DNA?
Migration (people & bacteria), diet (subsistence, access, status, inequality), kinship, marriage patterns, colonialism
66
Migration & Identity at Mount Nebo, Joran (AD 491-640)
Hypothesis: Mt. Nebo was a cosmopolitan monastery shaped by diverse monastics
- Demographic analysis: age, biological sex
- Strontium isotopes: local or non-local?
- Landscape: monastic structures within an overnight journey (50 miles)
- Onomastics (name origins)
- epigraphy (ancient inscriptions): mosaics
67
Hardin Cemetery Disaster ~ Missouri, July 1993
MFI
County coroner: Dean Snow
- Organize volunteers: medical, funerary directors, equipment operators
- Search & recovery; boats
- Dry land: all-terrian vehicles
- Remains: 25 square miles
- Trees, fences
- Morgue: fairground with refrigerated trucks
68
DMORT
Disaster Mortuary Operation Response Teams
69
systematics
All activities involved in an evolutionary approach to understanding & determining the diversity & relationships of organisms, both present-day & extinct
70
taxonomy
grouping and naming organisms
- Traditional Linnaean classification, 1735
- Similar morphology, binomial nomenclature
71
taxonomy of humans
Species - Sapiens
Genus - Homo
Family - Hominids
Order - Primates
Class - Mammals
Phylum - Chordates
Kingdom - Animals
72
ancestral/primitive homologous traits
inherited traits shared with others
Ex/ all primates have 5 digits
73
derived/unique homologous traits
Diagnostic, unique characteristic
Ex/ adducted big toe of humans
74
phylogeny
patterns of relationships and the evolutionary history and relationships of a species/group of related species/taxa
75
mode of change (morphology)
1. anagenesis
2. cladogenesis
76
anagenesis
- Linear ~ Species 1 → Species 2
- Sum of microevolution
- Natural selection
- Adaptation → new species
77
Cladogenesis
- Isolated small group adapts to new environment - Species 1 → 1+ species (branching event)
78
tempo of change (speed)
1. gradualism (Darwin)
2. punctuated equilibrium
79
gradualism
- Slow, gradual
- No transitional fossils → gaps in fossil record
- species are arbitrary
- 1 species at any one time
80
punctuated equilibrium
- speciation/branching event (cladogenesis)
- Sudden environment shift
- Visible as new species → period of stasis
Fossil gaps are REAL
81
mosaic evolution according to darwin
different physiological systems/growth & development (LHT)
82
primitive dentition
- Honing Complex: upper canine and lower premolar
- Sectorial edges: self-sharpening
- *Upper canine fits into diastema → space between teeth that fit together
- Chimps = small canines, incisors — no diastema — short, parabolic arcade
83
gait cycle
How do we balance our weight on 2 limbs while standing & on 1 limb while walking?
84
End of the Mesozoic Era
(250-65 mya)
- Extinction of dinosaurs
- New niches and very small mammals radiate
85
Cenozoic Era
(65 mya)
- age of mammals
86
Miocene epoch
25-5 mya
- warming --> expansion of apes
- continents similar to today
- large ape feature emerge
87
early miocene
23-16 mya
- large body apes diverge from OW monkeys
88
Africa: Proconsul
Early Miocene: 23-16 mya
E. Africa: Kenya, uganda
Rainforests, woodlands
Dental ape
2.1.2.3
Y-5
Sexual dimorphic canines
Monkey pc
Arms = legs; arboreal
Long, flexible lumbar – but has coccyx: no tail
Facultative biped
89
Europe: Dryopithecus
Middle/Late Miocene (17-8 mya)
- Adaptive radiation
- Drying in Africa, global warming
- Land bridge: Europe (France, Spain, Germany, Greece) & Asia
Y-5 molar ~ Parallel tooth rows, large canines
Spain 2003:
- Vertebrae, ribs, hands, ribs
Ape: flat pelvis basin
- Long powerful arms
- Maintain erect posture
- Short, inflexible lumbar
- Posterior scapula
90
Asia: Sivapithecus
(India, Pakistan, China, Turkey)
- 15-8 mya
- Diversity increases
- Woodlands, grasslands
- Derived orangutan features
- Concave profile – orthognathous
- Projecting incisors
- Tall orbits
- Derived: large, heavy quadruped (70-150 lbs)
91
Gigantopithecus
- Late Miocene: 8 mya - 200,000 ya
- China, India, Pakistan
10’ — 800 lbs
4 mandibles
1500 teeth ~ thick enamel, jaws (bamboo?)
92
Oreopithecus bambolii
Italian, Tuscan swamps
- 8 million years ago & 50 individuals
- Small teeth = No diastema
- Brain: 400 cc
- Foot: splayed
- Lumbar curve
- Pelvis: short pubis; longer anterior inferior iliac -- - spine
- bipedal?
93
Sahelanthropus tchadensis
(the Chad fossil)
- TM 266-01-060-1
- Chad, Central Africa – 2002
- Michel Brunet
- Toros-Menalla area (TM)
- West & North
- Date: 6.8-7 mya
- Lakeside forest → fish, elephants, grazers
94
Orrorin tugenensis
- BAR 1000’00
- Baringo Tugen Hills, Kenya – 2000
- Bridget Senut
- ‘original/millennium’
- Woodland, rivers
- Date: 5.8-6.1 mya
- 20 pieces — 5 individuals
- Bipedal: 3 proximal femurs
- Long femoral neck & inferior cortical thickness
- Dental: small molars and upper canine with partial honing complex
- Chad fossil a gorilla → orrorin oldest hominin
-- Now more similar to Australopiths
95
Ardipithecus ramidus
- ARA-VP-6/500
- Tim White, 1994
- Aramis, Middle Awash, Ethiopia – 1992-95
- ‘Ardi’: “ground ape”, “root” Afar
- 50% female skeleton in limestone
- Date: 4.4-5.8 mya
- Forests & lakes
- 1900 fossils: 50+ individ., 60 mammal species → elephants, rhinos, horses, monkeys
- Small projecting face
- Brain = 300-350 cc
- Smaller canines, tip war
- No sectorial shearing
- Foramen magnum – anterior
- Biped? → divergent grasping large toe
- Pelvic bone: rectus femoris & anterior inferior iliac spine (aiis)
- Quadriceps flexion muscle
- Origin: ‘aiis’
- Insertion: tibial tuberosity
- Swings leg forward
- Contracts & straightens knee
- Aiis: robust
96
Early Australopiths in East Africa
- Date: ~4 mya
- Genus: Australopithecus (Au.) → Southern ape
- Bipedal
- Larger brain: 350-500 cc
- Large canine and larger body
- Diverse Habitat
- ~3 mya disperse to South Africa
97
Au. afarensis (LUCY)
- Southern ape from Afar
- Hadar, Ethiopia – Afar Triangle
- Don Johanson, ADU (1974)
- Knee joint
- Date: 3.6 - 3.0 mya
1974:
1. Oldest hominin
2. 40% complete skeleton
3. Bipedalism 1st – irrefutable biped
4. In Africa
PC (human/ape)
- 3.5-4’ tall – dimorphism
- Human-like features
- Pelvis → short, broad, dish-shape
- Robust anterior inferior iliac spine
- Large bicondylar angle → intermembral index ~ 85
- Wider knee joint, patella groove, adducted big toe, Short legs
98
Au. afarensis ~ Southern ape from Afar (NOT LUCY)
- Brain: ~ 350-500 cc
- Bell-shape (wide at base)
- Pronounced crests (Nuchal, sagittal crest) – heavy chewing
- Large canines
- Parallel arcade Central foramen magnum
- Now: 35 individuals
- Lake, forest, open woodland (generalist: variable adaptation)
Laetoli footprints, Tanzania
- Mary Leakey (1974-1979)
- 2 trails in volcanic ash, 1978
- Biped foot action → deep heel strike, toe-off
- Adducted big toe with NO grasping
- Dating: 3.6 mya
1. Site G: 75’ long, 3 individuals
2. Site A: 1.5 k from site, 1 individual
99
tool use in dikika, Ethiopia
- (McPheron et al 2010)
- Dating: 3.3 mya
- Evidence of meat consumption (defleshing marks)
- Femur percussion: marrow
100
tool use in gona, ethiopia
- Dating: ~2.6 mya
- Stone tool manufacture
- 2900+ cores, broken flakes, choppers, scrapers debitage
- Antelope bones (percussion, cuts)
101
tool use in lomekwi, Kenya
Dating: 3.3 mya
Chopper
102
South African Sites:
~3 mya adaptive radiation
- Quarry sites and limestone caves
- Breccia – sand, fossil, rock, lime
- Baboon sleeping sites
Biostratigraphy:
- Faunal sequence compared to East Africa
- South African fossils post date East African sites
103
Raymond Dart
- 1924
- African paleoanthropology begins here!!
- Australian anatomist, British trained
- University Withwaterstand, South Africa
- Chair Anatomy and Museum
- 1924 box of fossils” taung
- North Lime Co. quarry
- Dry open veld
- ‘Baboon’ skull?
104
Australopithecus africanus (African southern ape)
- Breccia endocast, face, mandible
- Dating: 2.5 mya (in 2015)
- ~400 cc → 440 cc (adult)
- Foramen magnum: more anterior
- Vertical forehead
- Deciduous +1m: 6 years?
- Small canines
- Parabolic arcade; no diastema
- ~3 years old (ape-like dental development) – 1987
105
Dart reports in Nature 1925
- Missing link in Africa
- No 2nd opinion, review
- Significance of name (names genus) → - “Australopithecus africanus” – African southern ape
106
Taung Controversy – 1925
1. Dart’s credibility
2. With modern baboon skulls → recent
3. Wrong place (lack of fossil evidence)
4. Brain first: piltdown
5. No postcrania
6. Age: ~ 6 years
107
Tough plants
- East Africa
- Bone: carbon isotopes
- Tough C4 plants, not hard nuts
- Low quality rough sedges or corm
- Little microwear from heavy chewing
- Dental calculus: Sedge phytoliths
108
termite rods
- Swaterkrans
- 85 bone splinters/horns – 13-19 cm long
- Scratches 50 mm from tip only
- Opening termite mounds
- Earliest evidence for insect consumption
109
Au. boisei OH 5
510 cc
- Dished, prognathic face
- Anterior foramen magnum
- Massive molars, small anterior teeth
Powerful chewing →
- Zygomatics: broad, flared
- Massive crests: large sagittal & nuchal
- Wide jaw
- Massive molars w/ thick enamel
110
The Leakey’s Big Break
1959
- Robust australopiths in East Africa
-- OH 5: Zinjanthropus boisei (Zinj) → (ancient east Africa, patron: Boisei_
- Paranthropus boisei (splitters)
-- Au. boisei (lumpers)
111
significance of leakey's big break
1. 1st E. African hominin found
2. Chronometric (absolute dating) → 2.3-1.8 mya (K-Ar)
3. Tools with bones – National Geographic Funding
112
Broom Variation: Au. robustus – 1938
- Broom at Kromdraai & Swartkrans caves (2.0-1.0 mya)
- Different sites = different genus
- More robust compared to Sts 5
- 500-550 cc
- Foramen magnum: biped
- Large crests
Heavy chewing complex
- Broad face, zygomatics
- Large sagittal and nuchal crests
- Huge molars: grinding
- Extensive pitting, minor striations
- Tough grasses
- Brittle/hard foots: nuts and seeds
113
Robert Broom – 1926
- Scottish physician, reptile paleontologist
- Transvaal Museum, Pretoria, South Africa
---- Dynamites: Sterkfontein quarry
Adult braincase ~ 400-550 cc
- Small canines, parallel arcade w No diastema
- Central foramen magnum
- PC from 600+ fossils: biped
- Dating: ~2 mya
- Dart vindicated, Nature 1926
114
archeological?
more than 100 years
115
sex estimation in humans
mastoid
mental entimene
nuchal crest
* not zygomatic
116
behavioral complexes unique to hominins
bipedalism and nonhoning chewing
117
the symphyseal face will become --- with ----
more eroded and disorganized with age
118
the intermembral index
predicts patterns of locomotion
- ratio of forelimb and hindlimb
- humerus/radius and femus/tibia
119
axis of the cervical vertbrae
C2
120
key distinctions of bipedalism in chimpanzee
skull
pelvis
knee
spine
leg
toes
foot
121
determine sex through skull
mastoid process
sutra-orbital ridge
mental eminence
122
the sciatic notch is on...
pelvis
123
foramen magnum is positioned on the ------- to support bipedalism
inferior human skull
124
affiliated behavior
tactile comuncation which promotes friendly behavior for group communication
125
minimum time needed to form a fossil
10,000 year
126
carbon 14 dating is relative or absolute dating?
absolute
127
Piltdown man was proven to be a forgery by what method
fluorine dating
128
c4 vs c3
dry land and grass lands
vs
wetlands and wooded areas
129
carbon and nitrogen can be used for
geographic origin and diet
130
cayo santiago
research program used to stay macaques and studying social behaviors without predatory presence
131
macaques have
matrial structure -- status is determined by the mother
