Midterm 1 Review

Question 1

EAR vs RDA

Answer 1

o EAR: 50% of healthy people
o RDA: nutrient intake for most healthy people (recommended, all under curve has met nutrients that’s why it’s on the right side)

Question 2

Nutrition Assessment ABCDs

Answer 2

o Anthropometric measurements
 Height, weight, BMI, measures body
o Biochemical analyses
 Lab tests reveal nutrient problems
* Primary (not enough nutrient), secondary (something prevents body absorption)
o Clinical examination
 Review med history and does physical exam to identify signs
o Dietary intake assessment
 What you eat and how well intake meets nutrient needs

Question 3

Kcal to kJ

Answer 3

o Kcal x 4.2

Question 4

Diet Planning Principles

Answer 4

o Adequacy: eating enough nutrients
o Balance: eating enough foods across major food groups
o Energy (kcal) control: amount of energy in and out should balance
o Nutrient density: amount of nutrients in food in comparison to energy
 Mg ➗kcal
o Moderation: promote intake of high nutrient dense foods
o Variety: higher variety across food groups, decrease contamination

Question 5

refined, whole grain and enriched

Answer 5

• Refined: leaves endosperm with protein and starch
• Whole grain: has endosperm, germ (vitamins and minerals) and bran
• Enrich grain with thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, iron

Question 6

disease risk reduction claim

Answer 6

Clear links between nutrient and reduction in risk of diet related disease (Oat fibre helps reduce cholesterol)

Question 7

function claim

Answer 7

benefits from consuming nutrient or other component in food (active probiotics for gut health)

Question 8

nutrient function claim

Answer 8

describe role of energy and nutrients needed to maintain good health (calcium aids in formation of bones)

Question 9

Mastication

Answer 9

chewing into smaller pieces

Question 10

Pyloric vs illeocecal sphincter

Answer 10

• Pyloric sphincter: lets out small bits of chyme through small intestine
• Ileocecal sphincter: no reflux into ileum (small intestine)

Question 11

circular vs vascular system, what nutrients go into them?

Answer 11

o Circular: water-soluble nutrients released into bloodstream, move to liver
o Vascular: fats and fat-soluble vitamins cluster into chylomicrons, bypass liver

Question 12

simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport

Answer 12

• Simple diffusion: water & small lipids absorbed freely
• Facilitated diffusion: water-soluble vitamins absorbed, need specific carrier
• Active transport: glucose and amino acids must be absorbed actively

Question 13

Diverticulitis vs diverticulosis

Answer 13

diverticulitis: infection/ inflammation of diverticula, pain/fever/infection, can be serious, rest and liquid diet
diverticulosis: diverticula (small pouches) form and bulge outward, low-fibre diet/ increased pressure, can lead to diverticulitis

Question 14

pancreatitis

Answer 14

inflamed pancreas, often caused by gallstones or chronic alcohol use

Question 15

ulcers

Answer 15

open sore forms in lining of stomach or small intestine, usually caused by H. pylori infection or long-term use of NSAIDS (non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs

Question 16

IBS

Answer 16

chronic digestive disorder, affects large intestine, causes abdominal pain, bloating, gas. Believed to be caused by stress genetics, abnormal signals from serotonin

Question 17

gastroesophageal reflux

Answer 17

heartburn
caused by eating or drinking too much, tight clothing, changes in position, and smoking

Question 18

constipation

Answer 18

symptoms are strain during bowel movements, hard stool, infrequent bowel movements, abdominal discomfort, head and backaches, passing of gas. Mostly caused by lifestyle (holding it in means fluid continues to be withdrawn from fecal matter. Consume 25-28g fibre a day and a lot of water