Midterm 1 Terms Flashcards
(81 cards)
1
Q
adoption theory
A
- arificial selection
- capturing and taming young wild animals and bringing them home as a pet
2
Q
adaption theory
A
- natural selection
- wolves chose domestication
- nat selection in favor of tamer animals
3
Q
domestication
A
- a process where animals change genetically and phenotypically
- evolutionary process driven by selection pressures
4
Q
tameness
A
- gradual habituation to humans
- reduced fear for humans
- wild animals can be tamed but not domesticated
5
Q
15 K
A
- hunter-gatherers
- dogs
6
Q
10 K
A
- birth of AG in neolithic era (origins of farming)
- cats, sheep, goats, cattle, swine, plants
7
Q
5 K
A
-horses, llamas, chickens, geese
8
Q
Behavioral changes due to domestication
A
- loss of self sufficiency
- loss of pair bonding
- loss of broodiness (attachment to eggs)
- less adaptable to changes in environment
- reduced flightiness and aggression
- increased juvenile characteristics
9
Q
Neoteny
A
the retention of juvenile characteristics in adults
10
Q
number of laboratory animals
A
800,000
11
Q
number of farm animals
A
8,000,000,000
12
Q
number of companion animals
A
150,000,000
13
Q
number of exotic animals
A
750,000 (AZA certified)
real number unknown
14
Q
USDA
A
- United States Department of Agriculture
- develops and executes federal policy on farming, ag, forestry, food
15
Q
FAO
A
- Food and Ag Organization of the United Nations
- ensures food security and nutrition
16
Q
FDA
A
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration
- protects public health and food safety
17
Q
define science
A
the systematic study of the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment
18
Q
CAFO’s
A
- Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation
- place to put animals to feed them a lot before they are harvested
19
Q
CA Proposition 2 (2008)
A
- passed on 7/1/15
- made it illegal to keep chickens confined to only half sheet of paper
- layers, pregnant sows, veal calves
20
Q
natural vs. artificial selection
A
natural: animals adapt to their environment to survive
artificial: humans select for traits in animals
21
Q
6 behavior traits that facilitate domestication
A
- responce to humans
- social behavior
- adaptability and activity
- juvenile characteristics
- sexual behavior
- precocial development
22
Q
precocial
A
young are born mature and independent
23
Q
attritional
A
young are born helpless
24
Q
hierarchy of biological order (smallest to biggest)
A
- all men can tell other owners of perfect camping equipment bye
- atoms
- molecules
- cell
- tissue
- organs
- organ systems
- organism
- population
- community
- ecosystems
- biosphere
25
organismal level
- atoms, molecules, cell
| - all men can
26
cellular level
- tissues, organs, organ systems
| - tell other owners
27
population level
- communities, ecosystems
| - camping equipment
28
6 elements basic to life
- CHNOPS
- carbon 23%
- hydrogen 10%
- nitrogen 2.6%
- oxygen 61%
- phosphorus 1.1%
- sulphur
- together make up 95% human's bodyweight
29
4 key categories of macromolecules
- carbohydrates
- lipids
- proteins
- nucleic acids
30
carbohydrates
- used for energy
| - sugars and their polymers
31
examples of monosaccharides
- glucose
- fructose
- galactose
- deoxyribose
- ribose
32
examples of disaccharide
- sucrose (glucose + fructose)
- lactose (glucose + galactose)
- maltose (glucose + glucose)
33
examples of polysaccharide
- starch
| - cellulose
34
what are lipids made of
polymers
35
plant form of storage
chloroplast which hold starch which is then broken down into glucose
36
animals form of storage
glycogen
37
saturated fatty acid
- single bonds
- solid at room temp
- max hydrogen attached
38
unsaturated fatty acid
- double bonds
- liquid at room temp
- fewer than max hydrogen
- bent
39
hydrophobic
- non-polar tails
| - water hating
40
hydrophilic
- polar heads
| - water loving
41
what is the monomer of a protein
amino acids
42
what 3 groups make up an amino acid
- amino group (-NH2)
- carboxyl group (-CO2 H)
- functional group (-R)
43
10 essential amino acids
- my ass has two lumps the lumps protrude in volume
- methionine
- arginine
- histidine
- threonine
- lysine
- tryptophan
- leucine
- phenylalanine
- isoleucine
- valine
44
essential vs. nonessential amino acid
essential: cannot be made by our bodies but are required in our diet
nonessential: made by our bodies
45
amino acid that is essential in cats
taurine
46
where do protein structures connect
- carboxyl (-C O2 H)
| - called a peptide bond
47
denaturation vs. renaturation
- denaturation: proteins lose structure, high temps, change in pH, cooking an egg
- renaturation: reconstructing a protein after it was denatured, regains activity
48
nucleic acids consist of very long chain monomers called _____
nucleotides
49
3 parts of a nucleotide
- 5 carbon sugar
- phosphate group
- organic nitrogen containing base
50
5 different nucleotides
- cytosine
- guanine
- adenine
- thymine (DNA)
- uracil (RNA)
51
DNA
- double stranded
- deoxyribose sugar
- thymine base
52
RNA
- single stranded
- ribose sugar
- uracil base
53
base pairs of DNA
A-T
| C-G
54
2 organisms made up of prokaryotic cells
- bacteria
| - archaea
55
mitochondria
- powerhouse
| - packages the energy from food you eat into ATP molecules
56
nucleus
- control center of the cell
| - contains the DNA
57
golgi apparatus
- post office
| - sorts and ships proteins produced in the ER
58
nucleolus
makes ribosomal subunits from proteins and rRNA
59
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
- synthesize lipids in the cell
| - helps in the detoxification of harmful substances in the cell
60
rough endoplasmic reticulum
where most protein synthesis occurs
61
cytosol
- intracellular fluid
| - stuff that all the stuff in the cell floats around in
62
cytoplasm
literally everything inside the cell
63
lysosome
-help breakdown large molecules into smaller pieces that the cell can use
64
chloroplast
- converts light energy from the sun into chemical energy
| - only in plant cells
65
microtubule
provide transportation throughout the cell with routes for the organelles
66
centrioles
- help with the organization of chromosomes after cells divide
- only in animal cells
67
ribosomes
synthesize proteins
68
plasma cell membrane
regulates which molecules are allowed to enter and exit the cell because it is selectively permeable
69
cell wall
- provide protection and support
| - plants only
70
secretory vesicles
secretes hormones and neurotransmitters at the golgi
71
intermediate filament
provides mechanical support for the plasma membrane when it comes in contact with other cells
72
cilium
hairlike fibers that help during cell replication
73
central vacuole
contains water and stores sugars, ions and pigments
74
cytoskeleton
- helps shape and support the cell
| - helps thing move around in cell
75
actin filaments
determines cell shape and is involved in cell surface activities
76
prokaryotic cell
- nucleoid
- circular DNA floats freely in cell
- simpler DNA
- no membrane bound organelles
- typically smaller
- divide by binary fusion
- typically unicellular
- anaerobic and aerobic
78
eukaryotic cell
- nucleus
- linear DNA that is held in the nucleus
- complex DNA
- membrane bound organelles
- typically larger
- divide by mitosis and meiosis
- typically multicellular
- aerobic
80
both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
- chromosomes
- DNA as genetic material
- ribosomes
- cytoplasm
- plasma membrane
- sometimes have cell walls
- vacuoles
81
plant cells
- have chloroplasts
- have vacuoles
- can absorb liquids
- creates food by photosynthesis
- has cell wall made of cellulose
81
animal cells
- has no cell walls
- eats other cells
- cannot absorb liquid because it has no cellulose
- cilium
- can form variety of shapes
- has lysosomes
- centriole
81
both plant and animal cells
- nucleus
- eukaryotic
- size
