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ASCI 112 > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

(107 cards)

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1
Q

6 main nutrient classes animals metabolize

A
  • carbohydrates
  • lipids
  • proteins
  • vitamins
  • minerals
  • water
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2
Q

vitamin A

A
  • fat soluble
  • sight / vision
  • milk, cheese
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3
Q

vitamin D

A
  • fat soluble
  • calcium / bones
  • salmon, tuna, cheese
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4
Q

vitamin E

A
  • fat soluble
  • antioxidant
  • sweet potato, avocado
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5
Q

vitamin K

A
  • fat soluble
  • blood clotting ability
  • spinach, kale
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6
Q

vitamin B

A
  • water soluble
  • convert food to fuel
  • meat, dairy
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7
Q

vitamin C

A
  • water soluble
  • growth and repair of tissues
  • lemon, tomatoes
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8
Q

are minerals organic or inorganic?

A

inorganic because

  • not made of carbon or hydrogen
  • needed in large qualities to perform several important functions
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9
Q

calcium

A
  • bones and teeth
  • muscle function, blood vessel contraction, transmit nerve signals
  • milk
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10
Q

phosphorus

A
  • DNA/RNA, bones/teeth
  • help kidneys filter toxins
  • red meat
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11
Q

potassium

A
  • electrical impulses of heart and other cells
  • metabolism
  • banana
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12
Q

magnesium

A
  • essential for biochemical reactions in body

- kale

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13
Q

micro-minerals

A
  • also called trance minerals
  • needed in smaller amounts or present in body at low levels
  • copper
  • iodine
  • iron
  • molybdenum
  • selenium
  • zinc
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14
Q

osteophagia

A

“bone eating” is common in herbivores where there is a lack of phosphorus in diet (which is needed to make ATP, nucleic acids, phospholipids and bones)

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15
Q

hyponatremia

A

too much water which causes dilution and leads to insufficient sale in the blood

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16
Q

acidosis

A
  • cattle produce extra acid that is absorbed through rumen wall which causes metabolic acidosis
  • causes change in pH level in rumen
  • increase gas production
  • too much grains
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17
Q

nutritional wisdom

A
  • maintenance (minimum requirements to live)
  • growth (what nutrients provide nutrient growth)
  • reproduction (nutrients provide enough energy to work, exercise, produce- milk, immune system)
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18
Q

nutritional ecology

A

adaptation of animals to their environment through the development of dietary habits and physiological mechanisms that allow them to exploit available food sources in their habits

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19
Q

continuous feeder

A
  • grazing animals
  • eat low quality foodstuff (grasses)
  • clams (filter feeders)
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20
Q

discontinuous feeder

A
  • meal eaters
  • eat high quality foodstuff (meat, fruit, bulk items)
  • cats, animals in ag
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21
Q

insectivore

A

insects

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22
Q

frugivore

A

fruits

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23
Q

mucivore

A

mucus / sap

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24
Q

granivore

A

seeds

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25
ossivore
bone
26
piscivore
fish
27
ovivore
eggs
28
detritivore
dead things
29
folivore
leaves
30
fungivore
fungi
31
planktivore
plankton
32
sanguivore
blood
33
hunters
- those that track other animals with the intent of eating them - wolves - cats - eagles - alligators - whales
34
grazers (foragers)
- search for small portions of wild food throughout the day - sheep - goats - deer - pigs - squirrels
35
scavengers
- come in after the kill and steal - hyenas - vultures - raccoons
36
herbivore
- eats primarily plants | - giraffe
37
omnivore
- consumes both plants and animals equally | - monkeys (have a combo of sharp front teeth for ripping meat and back molars for grinding)
38
carnivore
- eats primarily meat | - lions
39
pre-gastric fermentor
- breakdown happens before the stomach - ruminants - non-ruminants
40
hindgut fermentor
- breakdown happens in the large intestine after the stomach - cecal digesters - colonic sacculated digesters - colonic unsacculated digesters
41
how to determine pre-gastric digester
stomach looks weird
42
how to determine sacculated vs. unsacculated colonic digester
large intestine has bumps if sacculated
43
how to determine cecal digester
the cecum is larger than the large intestine
44
pepsin
- enzyme that breaks down proteins into smaller peptides - produced in stomach - active form of pepsinogen
45
gastric lipase
- secreted by chief cellist stomach | - lipids
46
hydrochloric acid
- activates enzymes | - glandular secretes historic acidic pH, non glandular has a neutral pH
47
pepsinogen
-inactive enzyme that activates with hydrochloric acid to form pepside (which then acts on proteins)
48
maltase/lactase
-react with carbohydrate
49
trypsinogen
-storage of inactive trypsin so it can be stored in the pancreas and released in large amounts for protein digestion
50
trypsin
- protein digestion | - enzyme involved from pancreas
51
peptidase
- protein digestion | - enzyme involved from small intestine brush border
52
bile ducts
- collect bile secreted by liver and send to be stored in gall bladder - help to form micelles which help ferry/transport fat into lymphatic system - critical for fat digestion
53
carbohydrate digestion
- pancreatic amylase (from pancreas) | - lactase & maltase (from SI brush border)
54
protein digestion
- trypsin (from pancreas) | - peptidase (from SI brush border)
55
fat digestion
-lipase (from pancreas)
56
why do you not feed the cow but you feed the rumen bacteria?
- microbes in rumen act on nutrients - digest cellulose and hemicellulose (grasses) - product of digestion is VFAs - VFAs broken down to acitate and profate - make own glucose
57
omasum of the ruminant stomach
- "maniples" like folds of cloth - no enzymes - accepts only small particle sizes - absorbs water
58
abomasum of the ruminant stomach
- "true stomach" | - secretes enzymes, mucus, acid to help with digestion of macromolecules
59
abomasum of the ruminant stomach
- "true stomach" | - secretes enzymes, mucus, acid to help with digestion of macromolecules
60
rumen of the ruminant stomach
- fermentation chamber where plant fiber is broken down into digestible components by bacteria and other microbes - produce folate fatty acids that are absorbed and go to the liver to make glucose
61
T/F: the duct cells in the pancreas secrete pancreatic juice with active enzymes to aid in digestion.
true
62
T/F: pancreatic lipase digests lipids while pancreatic amylase digests carbohydrates
true
63
NaHCO3 acts as a buffer when sodium bicarbonate is secreted from duct cells
CO2 combines with water to form HCO3 and bicarbonate ion is transported into the pancreatic duct to buffer the acidic stomach acid and keep the body at homeostasis
64
endocrinology
branch of physiology concerned with the endocrine glands and hormones
65
homeostasis
physiological condition of stable/constant internal environment
66
hormone
a regulatory substance produced in an organism and transported in tissue fluids to stimulate specific cells or tissues into action
67
negative feedback
a regulatory mechanism in which a stimulus causes an opposite output in order to maintain an ideal level if whoever is being regulated
68
3 ways endocrine glands can be stimulated
- humoral (stimulated by blood) - neural (by a nerve) - hormonal (stimulated by a hormone which signals the gland to another hormone)
69
2 ways hormones communicate with cells
- chemical signals binding to receptors inside cells (always steroid hormones) - chemical signals binding to receptor outside cell
70
insulin
- secreted when blood sugar is high - job is to lower blood sugar levels when too high - target pancreas
71
glucagon
- secreted when blood sugar is low - job is to increase blood sugar levels when its too low (glucose is gone) - causes liver to break down glycogen
72
corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) -HPA axis
- stimulated by hypothalamus getting stimulated by predator | - goes to anterior pituitary
73
adrenacorticotropic hormone (ACTH) -HPA axis
- stimulated by anterior pituitary getting CRH signal | - goes to adrenal gland
74
cortisol
- long term response to stress (takes about a min to respond to stress and stays in the body over a period of time) - stimulates gluconeogenesis (formation of new glucose in liver) - stimulates lipolysis (stored breakdown of fat) - increase alertness - body fluid homeostasis - decreases insulin sensitivity - increases expression of anti-inflammatory proteins
75
epinephrine
- fast short term response to stress (adrenaline). | - secreted by adrenal glands
76
norepinephrine
- chemical released by neurons | - fight or flight responce
77
human blood glucose levels
70-100 mg/dL
78
dog blood glucose levels
80-120 mg/dL
79
cat blood glucose levels
60-120 mg/dL
80
cow blood glucose levels
40-100 mg/dL
81
horse
60-130 mg/dL
82
gonadotropin releasing hormone
- GnRH - part of adrenal pituitary gonadal axis (HPG) - from hypothalamus to pituitary
83
follicle stimulating hormone
- FSH - part of adrenal pituitary gonadal axis (HPG) - from pituitary to gonad
84
luteinizing hormone
- LH - part of adrenal pituitary gonadal axis (HPG) - from pituitary to gonad
85
estrogen
- secreted by ovaries only in women | - important for growth and maintenance of uterus to prepare for pregnancy and female sex characteristics
86
progesterone
- pregnancy hormone | - critical role in maintaining pregnancy
87
testosterone
- secreted by testes in males | - important for sperm formation and male sex characteristics
88
growth hormone / steroid hormone action
- hypothalamus releases growth hormone resealing (GHRH) which goes to pituitary and releases GH aka somatotropin - calcium retention - muscle mass - lipolysis (breakdown of fat) - protein synthesis - reduced liver uptake of glucose - stimulates immune system - internal organ growth
89
islet of langerhans
- cells of the pancreas that monitor blood glucose concentration - beta cells (produce insulin) - alpha cells (produce glucagon)
90
GLUT 4
- type of glucose transporter | - needs insulin to signal transport of glucose
91
three salivary glands
- parotid - mandibular - sublingual
92
three sections of small intestine
- duodenum (most digestion) - jejunum (absorption of nutrients and water) - ileum (absorption of nutrients and water)
93
chief cells in stomach
-release pepsinogen
94
difference between pepsin and pepsinogen
in order to be active pepsinogen must bond with HCL to form pepsin (active protein digesting enzyme)
95
parietal cells in stomach
release HCL
96
small intestine function
- organ of digestion and absorption - chemical digestion (digestive enzymes) - absorption through lining
97
large intestine function
- major site of water absorption (monogastrics) | - site of fermentation
98
salivary amylase
amylase in saliva that helps predigestion of starches and carbohydrates
99
lingual lipase
digestive enzyme in saliva that helps digestion of lipids
100
acinar cells
cells in pancreas that secrete pancreatic juice filled with enzymes for digestion
101
duct cells
cells in pancreas that secrete NaHCO3 solution to buffer acidic stomach acid
102
hormones that signal pancreas to release juice
- secretin (secrete bicarbonate) | - cholecystokinin / CCK (secrete enzymes)
103
why don't horses have gall bladders
-bile ducts secret continuously from liver and don't need to be stored
104
rumen microbes
- protozoa - fungi - bacteria (cellulolytic fiber and amylolytic starch digesting)
105
sodium and chloride
- controls blood pressure and volume | - table salt
106
sulfur
- important for insulin which regulates blood sugar | - fish, beef
107
2 essential fats
- linoleic acid | - alpha-linolenic acid

ASCI 112 (4 decks)

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