Midterm

Question 1

The word culture derives from the Latin word ____, which means to cultivate.

Answer 1

colere

Question 2

Culture is defined as ____.

Answer 2

behavior

Question 3

Culture tends to be ____.

Answer 3

relative

Question 4

During the 1800s, culture was defined by ____ as an ideal, something that is opposed to the real world in which we live. Sociologists today define culture as the ____, ____, and ____.

Answer 4

Matthew Arnold

sum of beliefs,

behaviors,

practices that humans create to adapt to the environment around them

Question 5

____ changed European culture so dramatically in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries because expensive, handcrafted goods were now mass-produced and new ____ emerged.

Answer 5

Industrialization

social classes

Question 6

One of the two main categories of culture that includes values, beliefs, norms, and behaviors known as ____.

Answer 6

nonmaterial cultural

Question 7

Everything in our constructed environment, including technology, buildings, furniture, clothing and books, is part of our ____ culture.

Answer 7

material

Question 8

____ is an example of material culture

Answer 8

Money

Question 9

____ is an example of nonmaterial culture

Answer 9

Values

Question 10

Acronyms and emoticons such as LOL, ;-), and LMAO demonstrate that technology itself can generate ____ and ____

Answer 10

ideas

concepts

Question 11

The study of ____ tells us that there are many ways to view the same symbol

Answer 11

culture

Question 12

An element of nonmaterial culture known as ____ is a system of concepts and relationships sometimes used to understand cause and effect

Answer 12

ideology

Question 13

An element of nonmaterial culture known as ideology is a system of ____ and ____ sometimes used to understand cause and effect

Answer 13

concepts and relationships

Question 14

Galileo’s discovery that the earth revolved around the sun rather than standing at the center of the universe is an example of a ____

Answer 14

shifting in ideology

Question 15

Ideologies are often brought into question when ____ are challenged

Answer 15

certain aspects of that ideology

Question 16

____ wrote Coming of Age in Samoa (1928), where she found that women in Samoa engaged in and enjoyed casual sex before they were married. This finding challenged America’s ____

Answer 16

Margaret Mead

cultural scripts

Question 17

Low culture, such as hip-hop music, is also known as ____

Answer 17

pop culture

Question 18

While they are difficult to define, ____ are smaller subgroups within a larger dominant society united by sets of ____, ____, ____, and ____ specific to the members of that group.

Answer 18

subcultures

concepts, values, symbols, and shared meanings

Question 19

____ are hard to definitively define

Answer 19

Subcultures

Question 20

The various musical genres and the groups inspired by them, such as post-punk music and the goths, are examples of ____.

Answer 20

subcultures

Question 21

Goth culture tends to exist ____

Answer 21

cross-culturally

Question 22

____ culture tends to exist cross-culturally

Answer 22

Goth

Question 23

If you are a member of a subculture, like the goth subculture, you can be sure that the meaning of certain words and the behavior of the members can be ____ within the group.

Answer 23

different

Question 24

____’s research on first names in the United States found that it is more common for names to cross from ____ over time than vice versa

Answer 24

Stanley Lieberson

men to women

Question 25

Stanley Lieberson, a sociology professor at Harvard, studied \_\_\_\_. He found that names reflect \_\_\_\_

Answer 25

culture using first names cultural trends of specific times

Question 26

If values are abstract cultural beliefs, then norms are \_\_\_\_

Answer 26

how they are put into play

Question 27

\_\_\_\_ and ____ have their roots in the U.S. idea of the American Dream.

Answer 27

Class mobility equal opportunity

Question 28

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are to behaviors as ______ are to attitudes

Answer 28

Norms, values

Question 29

The experience of internalizing a culture's norms, values, and the like, are known as \_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 29

Socialization

Question 30

Although some criticize rap music for its violet lyrics, many rappers defend it by saying it emerges directly from their \_\_\_\_\_\_. Those rappers who make these claims are invoking _______ theory

Answer 30

experiences reflection

Question 31

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ asserted that culture is a _______ of the means of ______ of a particular time

Answer 31

Karl Marx, reflection, production

Question 32

\_\_\_\_\_\_ theory is limited because it fails to take into account why some ______ have staying power and others fall by the wayside.

Answer 32

Reflection, cultural products

Question 33

When your friend returns from a study abroad, he reports back to you on the very different foods that people in his host country ate. He explains that to them it’s normal, that people in different cultures do things differently, and that he learned not to make value judgments. This is known as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 33

cultural relativism

Question 34

Gendered behaviors, such as wearing dresses and high heels, are examples of learned behaviors that are not natural or universal, and are known as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 34

cultural scripts

Question 35

If a person judges another group by his or her own standards, he or she is being \_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 35

ethnocentric

Question 36

You take a trip to Alaska and find that Inuit families sleep together naked to stay warm. You find this practice disgusting and can’t understand why they don’t consider this incestuous. You are being \_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 36

ethnocentric

Question 37

Until Europeans came into contact with _______ they tended to see their culture as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 37

non-Westerners, the only way to live

Question 38

The United States has laws that prohibit cockfighting. People in Bali might say that people in the United States are \_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 38

ethnocentric

Question 39

The first form of mass media was the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 39

book

Question 40

According to data presented in Chapter 3, by 1964, _____ percent of U.S. households had a television set

Answer 40

92

Question 41

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ concept for the historical process in which a dominant group exercises moral and intellectual leadership by voluntarily receiving the approval and consent of the masses is known as \_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 41

Gramsci’s, hegemony

Question 42

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ coined the term hegemony to mean that a ____ wins consent of the masses through ____ leadership. His thoughts are closely related to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 42

Antonio Gramsci dominant group moral and intellectual leadership Karl Marx

Question 43

part of what we learn in elementary school is to obey authority, follow the rules, and learn the importance of being on time. Because these values are important to the functioning of the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, Gramsci would call this \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 43

Capitalist system, hegemony

Question 44

In 1941, *\_\_\_\_\_* magazine ran an article on how to distinguish between _____ and ______ people. These descriptions reflected the state of mind of many Americans

Answer 44

Time, Chinese and Japaneese

Question 45

A group of protestors blocking the entrance to the campus administration building refuse to leave when the police begin spraying them with tear gas. Gramsci would say that the _____ are practicing \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 45

police, domination

Question 46

Research questions such as why fairy tales often begin with a mother’s death are an example of the analysis of media content stemming from Gramsci’s work and known as \_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 46

textual analysis

Question 47

According to the textbook, _______ played a large role in fueling the civil rights and antiwar movements

Answer 47

television

Question 48

According to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, powerful corporate boards determine the content of \_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 48

Herbert Gans, news stories

Question 49

Deliberate, long-term media campaigns such as Smokey the Bear, which began in 1944 and is still with us today, are examples of ads used by nonprofit organizations to educate the public. They are commonly known as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 49

public service announcements

Question 50

You see an advertisement on television for a new burger at McDonald’s. The next day, you are riding by McDonald’s and decide to drive in and give it a try. This would be called a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 50

short-term deliberate media effect

Question 51

The O. J. Simpson murder case and ________ are examples of how the media reflects \_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 51

Hurricane Katrina, racist ideology

Question 52

The belief that happiness and fulfillment can be achieved through the acquisition of material possessions are known as \_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 52

consumerism