midterm 1.2 Flashcards by Samantha Casey

from the 10th to 18th century, this type of burial became a nuisance:

intramural

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this person was responsible for making the funeral arrangements for a member of the burial club:

steward of the guild

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this was a “life-sized, waxen recreation of the deceased”:

effigy

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in Colonial America, a special occupation evolved that had a person going to the homes of those who were expected to attend a funeral. the title given to this person was:

inviter

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List two duties that members of the “burial clubs” were expected to perform (NOT THE STEWARD OF THE GUILD)

they were expected to pay a “quarterage”, which was a small regular contribution to help defray the costs of funerals at the time of their death
attend all funerals
regularly pray for the souls of those who passed in the club
act as pallbearers

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in the ancient tradition of this culture, a coin (obol) was placed in the decedent’s mouth to pay the fare for “Charon”:

Greeks

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this ancient culture would bind up the decedent in the position of an unborn child:

Hebrews

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this practice involved dismembering the dead and creating multiple burial sites:

independent heart burial

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by the late 17th century and throughout the 18th century, mourning took on a “social character” in Colonial America. this was demonstrated by:

the family giving gifts of rings, scarves, gloves, etc. to the living

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in this American Indian tribe, the “Spirit Keeping Ceremony” is very elaborate and lasts 1 year:

Lakota

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this ancient culture would cremate their dead on the battlefield and bring their bones back to their homeland to be entombed:

Greeks

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the practice of uncoffined burial by the church in the Middle Ages was precipitated by the:

Black Death

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list 3 common beliefs in American Society:

life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness
equality before the law
freedom of selection
common school education
decent disposition

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the shape of the early American coffin was:

octagonal

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at all English funerals in the Middle Ages, a sprig of this plant was thrown into the grave by all who attended the burial:

rosemary

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the study of death and death-related phenomena is known as:

Thanatology

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this device was created to prevent “resurrectionists” from tampering with the coffin

coffin torpedo

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by 1880, coffin makers in America decided to improve the function, style, and composition of the the coffin. List two goals that they set for their product:

provide protection from decomposition
protection from grave robbers
harmonize with aesthetics of the funeral
mass production

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the economic revolution in the 19th century resulted in the development of two basic types of associations. they were:

professional and trade

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in early America, the following were the first to assume a more formal responsibility for the preparation of the dead for burial:

nurses / midwives

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around 700 BC, cremation became the primary method of disposition for this ancient civilization because it was believed that they power of the flame would set the soul free:

Greeks

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this was the mortuary fee that was paid to ensure entrance of the decedent’s soul into heaven:

soul shot

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“ship burial” was reserved for those of the highest station in this ancient culture:

Scandinavian

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this person provided coffins and funeral paraphernalia to those who chose to serve the bereaved:

furnishing undertaker

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what were the "Steward of the Guild" and the "Death Crier"?

Steward of the Guild - this was the person that made the funeral arrangements which included a Requiem Mass, solemn burial, collecting the payment of the "soul shot", and distributed alms to the poor Death Crier - the person who dressed in a black cloak with a skull and crossbones painted on his garment. They walked through the town ringing a bell and announcing the name of the decedent and the time of their death

this American colony was founded in 1630 by the Puritans:

Massachusetts Bay Colony

the "Burial in Woolen Act of 1666" required that woolen cloth be substituted for _______ in the shroud and lining of the coffin

linen

the "Circle of Necessity" was believed to be the 3000 year journey of the soul back to the decedent in this ancient culture:

Egyptians

a long pleated arrangement of fine linen worn by wealthy widows in the middle ages was called a:

barbe

the Counter Reformation of the Catholic Church had the following effect on funeral ritual:

funerals became quite elaborate with decoration and ceremony

the dead in this ancient tradition enter into "Valhalla", the realm of the gods

Scandinavians

this raised platform was used for a decedent to "lie in state":

catafalque

this was a forerunner to today's hearses:

bier

the Edict of Toleration in 313 AD:

permitted Christians to practice freely outside of the catacombs, allowing them to bury within city limits

"mound burial" was occasionally used by this ancient people:

Scandinavians

the "Elysian Fields" were a place where the soul would be reunited with the god Dionysus, according to this ancient civilization:

Greeks

in the mid 18th century, decedents were often wrapped in this covering that was soaked with alum, pitch, or wax:

cerecloth

the earliest American coffins were made of:

wood

the people of this ancient culture were the first to refer to death as sleep:

Christians

when a wealthy Anglo-Saxon died in the 5th century:

the book of gospels was laid upon them

funerals in the Middle Ages were greatly influenced by:

the emergence of the Christian Church from persecution

this ancient civilization was the first to record a morality of group life based on internal conscience rather than external authority:

Egyptians

when this ancient culture prepared its dead, a honey cake was included for the dog "Cerberus"

Greeks

this man had a dispute with the Roman Catholic Church in which he rejected the doctrine of purgatory, the Mass, and the mediation of the priesthood:

Martin Luther

the following are seen as innovators with respect to the development of the hearse:

- James Cunningham - Hudson Samson - Crane and Breed

this practice was known as the "vigil for the dead":

wake

what is the definition of "cultural universal"

abstract patterns of and for living and dying that are identifiable in all cultures. such as a respect for honoring the dead

by 1880, most funerals were held in the:

home

during the Middle Ages , the ________ side of death became more important than the ________ side of death

physical, spiritual

when the Christians were persecuted for their faith, this served as a place for "secret" worship:

catacombs

Greeks, Dionysus

mystery cults

grave pit for the poor and slaves

commune sepulchrum

funeral procession

cortege

calling out of the dead

conclamatio mortis

fee to enter into heaven

soul shot

underofficer of the church who cared for the church property

sexton

flesh

basar

Roman ancestor of the modern funeral director and embalmer

libitinarius

used to ease fear of being buried alive

life signals

Greeks, this was a place where the soul would be reunited with the god Dionysus:

Elysian Fields

master of ceremonies and director and of the ancient Roman funeral procession

designator

the Eucharist, strengthens those who are dying

viaticum

Scandinavians believed after cremation, the spirit entered the realm of the Gods

Valhalla

the soul will make a 3000 year long journey and then return to the body

Circle of Necessity

during the Colonial period in America, undertaking was often combined with:

cabinet making

the common "death belief" of all American Indian tribes is:

there is no real death

during the Middle Ages, Protestants would sprinkle ______ on the deceased at the graveside:

dirt

this mourning garment of the Middle Ages was a long black cloak:

weed

this coffin was patented in 1848 and advertised as "an air-tight coffin of cast or raised metal"

fisk

the first __ months after the death was known as the period of "deep mourning" in the late 19th century:

in early America, this person would often require funeral undertakers to itemize their bills for service and merchandise:

city registrar

the word "sarcophagi" is composed of the words "sarco" and "phagus". these words respectively mean:

flesh eater

in Colonial America, these clergy did not take part in the funeral ceremony:

Puritan

a common mourning custom for the ancient people was the "rent (rend) their garments"

Hebrews

strained commercial relations with England had the following impact on the American Colonies:

shortage of imported goods (mourning paraphernalia)

following the War of 1812, funerals began to emphasize the coffin. What portion of the funeral bill was generally the cost of the coffin?

2/3

the economic revolution in 18th century Colonial America had the following effect on mortuary behavior:

- a "class system" was created in the towns - Puritans had greater control on "town behavior: - funerals in town were an opportunity to display "status"

this vehicle was used by undertakers to transport mortuary paraphernalia to the homes where the funerals were typically being held:

undertakers buggy

in this culture, death was seen as something bad, evil, and possibly terrifying:

Greeks

this person is the "ancient ancestor" of the modern funeral director and embalmer:

libitinarius

in the late 19th century, the widow was expected to wear mourning clothes for ___ year(s)

after the Civil War (1861), the style of hearses would change every ___ years

this type of coffin was constructed using mass production methods:

metal

list two things that an "undertaker" would do on his "first call" to a home in 1880 America:

- a crepe was placed on the door - a coffin was ordered - clergy, family and employer were notified

burial of the dead was seen as one of the "seven great works of mercy" that was shared by this ancient community:

Christians

the "animistic" view which held that the soul was the vital principle, was the doctrine of this ancient civilization:

Romans

during the Middle Ages, clergy would often be buried with their feet toward the:

east

a common arrangement for a funeral procession in 1880 would be:

1. clergymen 2. flower carriage 3. honorary pallbearers 4. active pallbearers 5. hearse 6. immediate family and relatives 7. friends

midterm 1.2 Flashcards

(88 cards)