midterm

Question 1

from the 10th to 18th century, this type of burial became a nuisance:

Answer 1

intramural

Question 2

this person was responsible for making the funeral arrangements for a member of the burial club:

Answer 2

steward of the guild

Question 3

this was a “life-sized, waxen recreation of the deceased”:

Answer 3

effigy

Question 4

in Colonial America, a special occupation evolved that had a person going to the homes of those who were expected to attend a funeral. the title given to this person was:

Answer 4

inviter

Question 5

List two duties that members of the “burial clubs” were expected to perform (NOT THE STEWARD OF THE GUILD)

Answer 5

• they were expected to pay a “quarterage”, which was a small regular contribution to help defray the costs of funerals at the time of their death
• attend all funerals
• regularly pray for the souls of those who passed in the club
• act as pallbearers

Question 6

in the ancient tradition of this culture, a coin (obol) was placed in the decedent’s mouth to pay the fare for “Charon”:

Answer 6

Greeks

Question 7

this ancient culture would bind up the decedent in the position of an unborn child:

Answer 7

Hebrews

Question 8

this practice involved dismembering the dead and creating multiple burial sites:

Answer 8

independent heart burial

Question 9

by the late 17th century and throughout the 18th century, mourning took on a “social character” in Colonial America. this was demonstrated by:

Answer 9

the family giving gifts of rings, scarves, gloves, etc. to the living

Question 10

in this American Indian tribe, the “Spirit Keeping Ceremony” is very elaborate and lasts 1 year:

Answer 10

Lakota

Question 11

this ancient culture would cremate their dead on the battlefield and bring their bones back to their homeland to be entombed:

Answer 11

Greeks

Question 12

the practice of uncoffined burial by the church in the Middle Ages was precipitated by the:

Answer 12

Black Death

Question 13

list 3 common beliefs in American Society:

Answer 13

• life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness
• equality before the law
• freedom of selection
• common school education
• decent disposition

Question 14

the shape of the early American coffin was:

Answer 14

octagonal

Question 15

at all English funerals in the Middle Ages, a sprig of this plant was thrown into the grave by all who attended the burial:

Answer 15

rosemary

Question 16

the study of death and death-related phenomena is known as:

Answer 16

Thanatology

Question 17

this device was created to prevent “resurrectionists” from tampering with the coffin

Answer 17

coffin torpedo

Question 18

by 1880, coffin makers in America decided to improve the function, style, and composition of the the coffin. List two goals that they set for their product:

Answer 18

• provide protection from decomposition
• protection from grave robbers
• harmonize with aesthetics of the funeral
• mass production

Question 19

the economic revolution in the 19th century resulted in the development of two basic types of associations. they were:

Answer 19

professional and trade

Question 20

in early America, the following were the first to assume a more formal responsibility for the preparation of the dead for burial:

Answer 20

nurses / midwives

Question 21

around 700 BC, cremation became the primary method of disposition for this ancient civilization because it was believed that they power of the flame would set the soul free:

Answer 21

Greeks

Question 22

this was the mortuary fee that was paid to ensure entrance of the decedent’s soul into heaven:

Answer 22

soul shot

Question 23

“ship burial” was reserved for those of the highest station in this ancient culture:

Answer 23

Scandinavian

Question 24

this person provided coffins and funeral paraphernalia to those who chose to serve the bereaved:

Answer 24

furnishing undertaker

Question 25

what were the "Steward of the Guild" and the "Death Crier"?

Answer 25

Steward of the Guild - this was the person that made the funeral arrangements which included a Requiem Mass, solemn burial, collecting the payment of the "soul shot", and distributed alms to the poor Death Crier - the person who dressed in a black cloak with a skull and crossbones painted on his garment. They walked through the town ringing a bell and announcing the name of the decedent and the time of their death

Question 26

this American colony was founded in 1630 by the Puritans:

Answer 26

Massachusetts Bay Colony

Question 27

the "Burial in Woolen Act of 1666" required that woolen cloth be substituted for _______ in the shroud and lining of the coffin

Answer 27

linen

Question 28

the "Circle of Necessity" was believed to be the 3000 year journey of the soul back to the decedent in this ancient culture:

Answer 28

Egyptians

Question 29

a long pleated arrangement of fine linen worn by wealthy widows in the middle ages was called a:

Answer 29

barbe

Question 30

the Counter Reformation of the Catholic Church had the following effect on funeral ritual:

Answer 30

funerals became quite elaborate with decoration and ceremony

Question 31

the dead in this ancient tradition enter into "Valhalla", the realm of the gods

Answer 31

Scandinavians

Question 32

this raised platform was used for a decedent to "lie in state":

Answer 32

catafalque

Question 33

this was a forerunner to today's hearses:

Answer 33

bier

Question 34

the Edict of Toleration in 313 AD:

Answer 34

permitted Christians to practice freely outside of the catacombs, allowing them to bury within city limits

Question 35

"mound burial" was occasionally used by this ancient people:

Answer 35

Scandinavians

Question 36

the "Elysian Fields" were a place where the soul would be reunited with the god Dionysus, according to this ancient civilization:

Answer 36

Greeks

Question 37

in the mid 18th century, decedents were often wrapped in this covering that was soaked with alum, pitch, or wax:

Answer 37

cerecloth

Question 38

the earliest American coffins were made of:

Answer 38

wood

Question 39

the people of this ancient culture were the first to refer to death as sleep:

Answer 39

Christians

Question 40

when a wealthy Anglo-Saxon died in the 5th century:

Answer 40

the book of gospels was laid upon them

Question 41

funerals in the Middle Ages were greatly influenced by:

Answer 41

the emergence of the Christian Church from persecution

Question 42

this ancient civilization was the first to record a morality of group life based on internal conscience rather than external authority:

Answer 42

Egyptians

Question 43

when this ancient culture prepared its dead, a honey cake was included for the dog "Cerberus"

Answer 43

Greeks

Question 44

this man had a dispute with the Roman Catholic Church in which he rejected the doctrine of purgatory, the Mass, and the mediation of the priesthood:

Answer 44

Martin Luther

Question 45

the following are seen as innovators with respect to the development of the hearse:

Answer 45

- James Cunningham - Hudson Samson - Crane and Breed

Question 46

this practice was known as the "vigil for the dead":

Answer 46

wake

Question 47

what is the definition of "cultural universal"

Answer 47

abstract patterns of and for living and dying that are identifiable in all cultures. such as a respect for honoring the dead

Question 48

by 1880, most funerals were held in the:

Answer 48

home

Question 49

during the Middle Ages , the ________ side of death became more important than the ________ side of death

Answer 49

physical, spiritual

Question 50

when the Christians were persecuted for their faith, this served as a place for "secret" worship:

Answer 50

catacombs

Question 51

Greeks, Dionysus

Answer 51

mystery cults

Question 52

grave pit for the poor and slaves

Answer 52

commune sepulchrum

Question 53

funeral procession

Answer 53

cortege

Question 54

calling out of the dead

Answer 54

conclamatio mortis

Question 55

fee to enter into heaven

Answer 55

soul shot

Question 56

underofficer of the church who cared for the church property

Answer 56

sexton

Question 57

flesh

Answer 57

basar

Question 58

Roman ancestor of the modern funeral director and embalmer

Answer 58

libitinarius

Question 59

used to ease fear of being buried alive

Answer 59

life signals

Question 60

Greeks, this was a place where the soul would be reunited with the god Dionysus:

Answer 60

Elysian Fields

Question 61

master of ceremonies and director and of the ancient Roman funeral procession

Answer 61

designator

Question 62

the Eucharist, strengthens those who are dying

Answer 62

viaticum

Question 63

Scandinavians believed after cremation, the spirit entered the realm of the Gods

Answer 63

Valhalla

Question 64

the soul will make a 3000 year long journey and then return to the body

Answer 64

Circle of Necessity

Question 65

during the Colonial period in America, undertaking was often combined with:

Answer 65

cabinet making

Question 66

the common "death belief" of all American Indian tribes is:

Answer 66

there is no real death

Question 67

during the Middle Ages, Protestants would sprinkle ______ on the deceased at the graveside:

Answer 67

dirt

Question 68

this mourning garment of the Middle Ages was a long black cloak:

Answer 68

weed

Question 69

this coffin was patented in 1848 and advertised as "an air-tight coffin of cast or raised metal"

Answer 69

fisk

Question 70

the first __ months after the death was known as the period of "deep mourning" in the late 19th century:

Answer 70

6

Question 71

in early America, this person would often require funeral undertakers to itemize their bills for service and merchandise:

Answer 71

city registrar

Question 72

the word "sarcophagi" is composed of the words "sarco" and "phagus". these words respectively mean:

Answer 72

flesh eater

Question 73

in Colonial America, these clergy did not take part in the funeral ceremony:

Answer 73

Puritan

Question 74

a common mourning custom for the ancient people was the "rent (rend) their garments"

Answer 74

Hebrews

Question 75

strained commercial relations with England had the following impact on the American Colonies:

Answer 75

shortage of imported goods (mourning paraphernalia)

Question 76

following the War of 1812, funerals began to emphasize the coffin. What portion of the funeral bill was generally the cost of the coffin?

Answer 76

2/3

Question 77

the economic revolution in 18th century Colonial America had the following effect on mortuary behavior:

Answer 77

- a "class system" was created in the towns - Puritans had greater control on "town behavior: - funerals in town were an opportunity to display "status"

Question 78

this vehicle was used by undertakers to transport mortuary paraphernalia to the homes where the funerals were typically being held:

Answer 78

undertakers buggy

Question 79

in this culture, death was seen as something bad, evil, and possibly terrifying:

Answer 79

Greeks

Question 80

this person is the "ancient ancestor" of the modern funeral director and embalmer:

Answer 80

libitinarius

Question 81

in the late 19th century, the widow was expected to wear mourning clothes for ___ year(s)

Answer 81

2

Question 82

after the Civil War (1861), the style of hearses would change every ___ years

Answer 82

15

Question 83

this type of coffin was constructed using mass production methods:

Answer 83

metal

Question 84

list two things that an "undertaker" would do on his "first call" to a home in 1880 America:

Answer 84

- a crepe was placed on the door - a coffin was ordered - clergy, family and employer were notified

Question 85

burial of the dead was seen as one of the "seven greak works of mercy" that was shared by this ancient community:

Answer 85

Christians

Question 86

the "animistic" view which held that the soul was the vital principle, was the doctrine of this ancient civilization:

Answer 86

Romans

Question 87

during the Middle Ages, clergy would often be buried with their feet toward the:

Answer 87

east

Question 88

a common arrangement for a funeral procession in 1880 would be:

Answer 88

1. clergymen 2. flower carriage 3. honorary pallbearers 4. active pallbearers 5. hearse 6. immediate family and relatives 7. friends