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midterm Flashcards

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1
Q

what is ethics

A

the general, philosophical understanding of WHAT MAKES THINGS right or wrong, good or bad

what makes things = gives reason, adding objectivity

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2
Q

why does ethics not equal values

A

its subjective, do not make things right or wrong, instead make you who you are

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3
Q

what are the 3 different ethics

A

normative ethics/ ethical (moral theory)
applied ethics
meta ethics

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4
Q

what is normative ethics

A

understanding of what makes things right or wrong
criteria of what makes things right or wrong

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5
Q

what is applied ethics

A

applying norms we learnt in normative to every to every situation you will encounter
application of ethics in the real-world

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6
Q

what is meta ethics

A

how does moral language work, sources of beliefs, concept of relativism

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7
Q

what is relativism

A

how things look depending on where you are looking from

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8
Q

what are the 2 different types of relativism

A

cultural & ethical

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9
Q

what is cultural relativism

A

refers to not judging a culture to our own standards of what is right or wrong, strange or normal. Instead, we should try to understand cultural practices of other groups in its own cultural context.

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10
Q

what is ethical relativism

A

the theory that holds that morality is relative to the norms of one’s culture. That is, whether an action is right or wrong depends on the moral norms of the society in which it is practiced. The same action may be morally right in one society but be morally wrong in another.

good - every culture just as good

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11
Q

what is ethical relativism

A

the theory that holds that morality is relative to the norms of one’s culture. That is, whether an action is right or wrong depends on the moral norms of the society in which it is practiced. The same action may be morally right in one society but be morally wrong in another.

BAD - every ethical belief is just as good as any other

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12
Q

name the 6 different examples of what ethics is not

A

religion, law, custom, emotion, science, professional codes

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13
Q

why is religion not ethics

A

its own belief, doesnt tell what right/wrong

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14
Q

why is law not ethics

A

gives lists, doesn’t tell what right or wrong

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15
Q

why is custom not ethics

A

doesn’t give reason you do something

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16
Q

why is emotion not ethics

A

subjective

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17
Q

why is science not ethics

A

have to do whats right even if not morally right

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18
Q

why is professional codes not ethics

A

doesnt tell you what makes it right/wrong

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19
Q

who had a big influence on deontology

A

Kant

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20
Q

kant believed that…

A

nothing is good without qualification except a good will, and a good will is one that wills to act in accord with the moral law and out of respect for that law rather than out of natural inclinations.

morality should be law-like fashion and have a clear procedure which would give you a clear result of morality

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21
Q

describe deontology

A

an action is considered morally good because of some characteristic of the action itself, not because the product of the action is good. Deontological ethics holds that at least some acts are morally obligatory regardless of their consequences for human welfare.

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22
Q

why does deontology reject consequential thinking

A
  1. you can’t control the outcome of your choices
  2. of you focus on outcomes, you weaken morality
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23
Q

kant didn’t want to make morality… so he developed…?

A

conditional so he developed the categorical imperative to make morality unconditional

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24
Q

kant saw moral law as

A

categorical imperative (without exception – what you MUST do)

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25
what is a categorical imperative
an unconditional command—and believed that its content could be established by human reason alone.
26
kant believed that to solve a moral dilemma without thinking about the outcome you'd have to?
figure out a categorical imperative
27
what are the steps in solving a dilemma using categorical imperative
1. formulate a maxim (testing the rule) - should or shouldn't 2. translate maxim into an universal law (everyone MUST... use your 2 options from maxim) 3. ask yourself: can I, as a rational being, will that everyone act this way? (the will is more of a COULD) -- using 2 maxims either yes, no or ? 4. does this law respect the inherent worth of every person? (use 2 maxims -- either yes or no) get answer from the formula which will be objective
28
what doesn't kant address
sometimes categorical imperative will give conflicting moral obligations
29
what did W.D Ross invent
pluralistic deontology
30
what is pluralistic deontology
more than 1 moral duties & how they all work together
31
what are prima facie duties
first and most important duties (ranking)
32
list the 7 different pluralistic deontology prima facie duties
non-maleficence (obligation to not inflict harm), beneficence (doing good, kindness, mercy), fidelity (promise), reparation (making amends), gratitude (thankful), self-improvement, and justice
33
pluralistic deontology believes that when conflict between 2 you would...
decide which one is more important and choose it over the others (ranking)
34
pluralistic deontology could be described as not deontology because
weighing the outcomes/consequences when deciding which of the duties is more important
35
what is a strength and weakness of deontology
strength: will always give you an answer, takes emotion out of it, equality, always "right", unbias, defending rights weakness: time consuming
36
textbook steps for categorical imperative
formulate the rule "maxim" on basis you are proposing to act ask yourself, would be reasonable if anyone & everyone acted on basis of the same rule? not reasonable, "universalize" rule, it fails test = not appropriate rule for moral action
37
kants idea of autonomy
submitting oneself to a law that one gives oneself
38
moral law, categorical imperative is self given because
one "discovers" it as the law of one's reason
39
autonomous means
act in accordance with demands of reason
40
kants categorical imperative employed as...
testing determining & assigning moral "rights" and duties
41
kant believed when conflict between duties that
the categorical imperative gave test to determine duty so if test was done properly could be no conflicts
42
naturalist theory is
when human nature is taken into account
43
utilitarianism can be described as
taking the consequences of your actions & choices into account when faced with a moral problem and people would rather be happy than unhappy
44
the principle of utility can be described by Bentham as
the ethically right act (rule) is one that maximizes overall expected utility (usefulness)
45
the principle of utility can be described by Mill as
ethically right act (rule) is one that leads to greatest good for greatest number
46
**instructor** the principle of utility can be described by (USE THIS ONE)
ethically right act (rule) is one that leads to the best possible balance of SATISFACTION over SUFFERING for the most possible people
47
the principle of utility described by instructor is used because
it finds the best answer by weighing all consequences of outcomes and uses suffering/satisfaction instead of happy/unhappy
48
what is the problem is with act utilitarianism
subjective, time consuming, measuring what, focus on individual acts
49
focussing on rules instead of acts is
rule utiliarianism
50
rule utilitarianism uses what to determine morality
rule of thumb
51
rule of thumb says
you should tell the truth unless (exceptions)
52
how is rule of thumb different from categorical imperative
categorical imperative says "everyone MUST" whereas rule of thumb says "you should"
53
textbook definition of act utilitarianism
enjoins us perform utilitarian calculation for each action separately
54
textbook definition for rule utilitarianism
enjoins us to perform calculation not for particular actions but with reference to general moral rules with greatest possible outcome for everyone
55
what is a virtue
positive character trait that inclines a person to think, feel and act in a morally good way
56
what are the 10 ways to be virtuous
1. make virtue a habit 2. proper education 3. have virtuous role model 4. be part of virtuous community 5. learn from mistakes 6. pay special attention to our occupation 7. pay special attention to our relationships 8. don't work too hard 9. think about legacy 10. be moderate in ALL things
57
what did Aristotle create to determine what the right kind of virtue was
the golden mean
58
what is the golden mean
its an average, somewhere between 2 extremes - 1 being excess and the other being deficiency looking for what is proper amount that's in between these 2 extremes
59
golden mean or moderatism ultimately tell you...
make you a better person or purpose by telling you what makes something good or right
60
virtue ethics is not
problem solving theory
61
why is ethics of care not actually ethics
doesn't tell you whats good or wrong and it is dividing men and women instead of making them united
62
feminist ethics is
viewing traditional theories except taking gender and power into account to change our views about the traditions
63
carol gilligan believes that the roles aren't biologically built into us but are through
socialization
64
what is relational ethics
SUPPLEMENTS OTHER APPROACHES WITH ATTENTION TO RELATIONSHIPS AND THEIR HIERARCHIES
65
what are the 4 steps in relational ethics
environment, embodiment, engagement, mutual respect
66
what is meant by environment
each person is an environment, relationship with others Within the context of the environment we are not separate entities, but exist at the very least, as a part of a connected dyad. This dyad is then influenced by a larger society
67
what is meant by embodiment
patients body seen as objects, as through there is no person attached .. just a thing. developing a therapeutic relationship allows viewing the body as the person!
68
what is meant by engagement
therapeutic relationship should start with the intention to recognize their vulnerability and then help them make meaning of their experience (genuine dialogue) reshape the traditional nursing understanding of the self as an independent and autonomous entity. To establish an engaged relationship nurses must position ourselves with the other
69
what is meant by mutual respect
recognize differences between RPN and patients and that the differences are valuable resources to learn from - perspective of the person is just as important, understand that you make mistakes Mutual respect is inspired by responsibility to the other. Mutual respect is the means to mitigate power differentials. Mutual respect provides a means of interacting with others that are not equal, through recognition that “our differences complement rather than exclude one another”
70
what are the 3 different types of rights
claim right, liberties, powers
71
what are the different claim rights
positive claim rights and negative claim rights
72
what is a positive claim right
creates responsibility for someone to do
73
what is a negative claim right
creates responsibility for someone to refrain
74
what is a claim right
duty for someone else / responsibility
75
what is an example of a positive claim right
your right for healthcare -- its someones job to provide you that (healthcare) meaning the government
76
what is an example of a negative claim right
you have the right to vote but no one can make you actually vote
77
what is a liberty right
unprotected right (doesn't create responsibility for someone) free to do something
78
what is an example of a liberty right
free speech
79
who is not at liberty
patients who are sanctioned by the mental health act
80
what is a power right
right can be signed to another person like patients who can't make decisions for self
81
name 2 rights that were expected on the bc mental health charter of rights
-The right to privacy -The right of access to a support person of one’s choice, which could include family, advocates or friends, or to exclude individuals whom the person feels would have a negative effect on their treatment/well-being at this time. - The right to the least restrictive environment possible when in an inpatient setting
82
name 2 rights that are on the bc mental health charter of rights
- You have the right to get advice from a lawyer about this admission at any time - You have the right to know why you have been involuntarily admitted to this hospital. - You have the right to a second medical opinion about your psychiatric treatment if you or someone on your behalf questions it.

ethics (4 decks)

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