Midterm Flashcards
(153 cards)
1
Q
What is the dominant generation in a bryophyte?
A
gametophyte
2
Q
Define bryophytes
A
Seedless, non vascular plants
3
Q
An adaptation that allows mosses to go dormant and quickly come back to life is called?
A
poikilohydric
4
Q
Which plant species are in the bryophyte family?
A
mosses, hornworts, liverworts
5
Q
Bryophytes live in the ______ _____, between earth and the atmosphere, which allows them to survive harsh environments and avoid wind.
A
boundary layer
6
Q
Define polypodiophytes.
A
Seedless vascular plants.
7
Q
What does it mean for a plant to be “vascular”?
A
Contains vascular tissue; xylem and phloem
8
Q
Ferns are part of which family?
A
Polypodiophytes
9
Q
Fern leaves are referred to as?
A
fronds
10
Q
Where is sporangia on a frond?
A
underside, in clusters called sori
11
Q
What is the dominant generation of a polypodiophyte?
A
sporophyte
12
Q
Is a sporophyte haploid or diploid?
A
Diploid
13
Q
Define meiosis.
A
one cell divides and produces cells with 1/2 the number of chromosomes. where diploid becomes haploid generation
14
Q
Define mitosis.
A
Cloning. One cell divides & produces two genetically identical daughter cells.
15
Q
Define a seed.
A
Protection, seedling inside, extra nutrients (food supply)
16
Q
What are some evolutionary advantages of seeds over spores?
A
Seeds are multicellular; provide greater protection.
Seeds have a food supply; seeds can remain dormant.
17
Q
What is a zygote?
A
Fertilized egg
18
Q
Which families are seeded plants?
A
Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
19
Q
What is the food source of a seed called?
A
Cotyledon
20
Q
What is an advantage of a reduced gametophyte?
A
Retained within sporophyte. provide nutrients, protection.
21
Q
Define integument.
A
Seed coat. Protection.
22
Q
Gymnosperm seeds have how many integuments?
A
One
23
Q
How many integuments do angiosperms have?
A
two
24
Q
Is a zygote haploid or diploid?
A
Diploid
25
What are rhizoids?
root like structures, used only to anchor plants. do not transport water or nutrients. found in bryophytes and polypodiophytes.
26
What are rhizomes?
horizontal underground stem. (zome - horizon)
27
Outer layer of a leaf that prevents drying out?
cuticle
28
Is a gametophyte haploid or diploid?
haploid
29
What is an apical meristem?
Tips of root and shoot
30
What process occurs within the antheridia to produce spores?
Meiosis
31
What are strobilli?
gymnosperm cones. a collection of sporophylls
32
What does the term gymnosperm mean?
naked seeds
33
What does the term angiosperm mean?
container seeds
34
What characteristics distinguish seed plants from seedless plants?
reduced gametophyte
heterospory
ovules
pollen
35
What does the megaspore in a seed plant give rise to?
female gametophyte that develops into an egg
36
What does the microspore in a seed plant give rise to?
a male gametophyte that develops into pollen grains
37
The _______ in seed plants are microscopic
Gametophyte
38
What is the advantage of scale or needlelike leaves?
conserve water to help survive summer and winter drought
39
What is the role of resin in pine needles?
protect the tree from damage when cut or broken off. plugs the hole
40
What is the benefit of sunken stomata?
helps to prevent evaporative water loss in pine needles
41
Where is the waxy cuticle located on a pine needle?
on the outer surface of the epidermis
42
What is a collection of needles called?
fascicle. Pine needles are always grouped together this way
43
What is the other name for a pollen cone?
staminate cone
44
What do pollen cones produce?
microspores
45
What do microspores develop into?
pollen grains
46
What process occurs within microsporangium to produce micro spores?
meiosis
47
What is the indusium?
thin membrane covering a sorus on a fern frond
48
What is an integument?
outer layer of the ovule.. seed coat
49
How many integuments (seed coat) do angiosperm megaspores (ovules) have?
2
50
How many integuments (seed coats) do gymnosperm megaspores have?
1
51
What is the location called where sperm enters a megaspore?
micropyle
52
What is the sporophyll on a gymosperm?
the scale
53
What does a dioecious plant mean?
one tree produces pollen
one tree produces ovules. example is the ginkgo
54
What does "phyll" mean?
leaf
55
After fertilization in a gymnosperm, what does the ovule become?
Seed
56
How is pollen transported to a an ovule in a gymnosperm?
wind
57
What is the sporophyte generation of a gymnosperm?
the tree
58
True or false? Gymnosperm sporophytes produce megaspores and microspores on two different types of cones
True
59
Within the cone, what process occurs within the sporangium to produce spores?
meiosis
60
What are the three parts that make up a seed?
-sporophyte embryo
-food supply for developing embryo
-protective seed coat
61
Seeds of gymnosperms are enclosed in ovaries, true or false?
false. they are located on exposed modified leaves called sporophylls
62
What is a prothallium?
fern gametophyte. Small green heart shaped structure which holds either archegonia or antheridia
63
What is a rachis?
stalk on a fern frond
64
What is a pinnae?
'leafy' structures on fern frond
65
What are pinnules?
the smallest "leafy" segments on a fern frond
66
What is the ring like structure located around fern sporangium?
annulus
67
Is the prothallium photosynthetic?
yes
68
Why are the archegonia and antheridia not present on the prothallium at the same time?
They mature at different times in order to increase the chances of cross-fertilization and genetic variation
69
What is the base of a flower called where all four whorls come together?
receptacle
70
What is the collection of sepals and petals?
perianth
71
What are the lowest whorls called that are usually green, located below petals on a flower?
individually called sepals. Collectively known as the calyx
72
What is the collective of sepals (green lower most whorl) called?
Calyx
73
What is the collective of petals called?
corolla
74
What is a stamen?
the microsporophyll, produces microspores which give rise to pollen grains that contain male gametophyte
75
What is a pistil?
the megasporophyll, produces the megaspores, which in turn produce the female gametophyte
76
What are the parts of a stamen?
anther
filament
77
What are the parts of a pistil?
stigma (site of pollen reception)
style (tube leading down to the ovary)
ovary is at the base of the carpel which contains the ovaries
78
What is the difference between a monocot flower and a dicot flower?
monocots - parts in 3's
dicots - parts in 4's or 5's
79
What are the four whorls on a flower starting at outermost?
calyx (collection of sepals)
corolla (collection of petals)
androecium - stamen
Gynoecium - pistil
80
What are the hair like structures on a grass flower called?
awn
81
Why do grass flowers not have a perianth?
because a perianth is used to attract pollinators, grass flowers are pollinated by wind so they do not require this derived trait.
82
What is a perianth?
2 most outer whorls, the calyx and corolla
83
What does it mean for a flower to be "complete"?
complete means it has all 4 whorls
84
What does it mean for a flower to be "perfect"?
perfect means the flower has both gynoecium and androecium in the same flower
85
What can be seen as the outer wall of a pollen grain under a microscope?
exine (outer wall)
86
Which 2 structures can be found inside of a pollen grain?
tube cell and generative cell
87
What is the fate of the generative cell?
produces 2 sperm
88
What is another word for carpel?
pistil
89
Where do pollen grains of flowering plants develop?
anther
90
What is the function of a style?
once pollination occurs the style holds the pollen tube while it grows to reach the ovaries
91
What is the function of the endosperm?
food source, provide nutrients for embryo
92
What are the outermost structures on a grass flower called?
glumes (think of it like glutes)
93
Which 2 parts make up the floret of a grass flower?
lemma - has the awn
palea - smaller inner 'leaf'
94
Do grass flowers have stamens and pistils at the same time?
no
95
What is inflorescence?
arrangement of flowers on a plant, can be "showy cluster"
96
"showy cluster"
inflorescence
97
What are tepals?
when sepals and petals look alike
98
monocot vs dicot
monocot - multiples of 3
dicot - multiples of 4 or 5
99
What does a parfocal microscope mean?
microscope will remain in focus when switching between objective lenses
100
What is an objective lens?
the lenses attached to the revolving nosepiece
101
What is the working distance of a microscope?
distance between objective lens and slide
102
What is the stalk part of a stamen?
Filament
103
What is the “stem” pet of a standard leaf?
Petiole
104
What is the blade of a plant?
The leafy part
105
What is the region on a stem between 2 nodes called?
Internode
106
What is the difference between a node and a bud?
Node is the space where a bud comes out of
107
What are the three leaf structures of gymnosperms?
Awl-like
Scale-like
Needle-like
108
What can you count on a trees stem to determine its age?
Bud scale scar
109
What is the function of the annulus?
Spore dispersal in a bryophyte
110
What is a eukaryotic cell?
cells are composed of small organelles
111
Which 2 structures are common to eukaryotic and prokaryotic?
DNA, cell membrane, ribosomes, cytoplsasm
112
What do eukaryotic cells have that prokaryotic do not?
a nucleus
113
What is the definition of a seed?
- seed coat
-seedling (embryo)
-food supply
114
What adaptations are unique to seed plants?
- reduced gametophyte
- heterospory
- ovules and production of eggs
- pollen and production of sperm
115
Differences between plant and animal cells?
- animal has a cell membrane but no cell wall
- plant cells have chloroplasts
116
major difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
prokaryotes have no nucleus
117
2 structures common to pro and eukaryotes?
DNA
ribosomes
118
Ribosome purpose?
protein synthesis
119
What were challenges to life on land?
force of gravity
lack of water
competition
predation
120
How did plants overcome these challenges?
lack of water - roots, xylem, waxy cuticle
competition - increased growth
predation - secondary compounds
121
benefits to life on land?
more space
increased CO2
increased sunlight
122
Differences between plants and green algae?
1. alternation of generation
2. apical meristem
3. walled spores produced in sporangia
4. multicellular gametangia - archegonia and antheridia
123
Meristem is the site of?
mitosis
124
A plant is....
- multicellular
- eukaryotic
- photosynthetic
125
What do polypodiophytes require for reproduction?
water (condensation, rainfall etc)
126
What advantage do seeds have over spores?
protection
food source
multicellular
127
a seed is a _____ embryo?
sporophyte
128
Adaptations that are unique to seed plants?
-reduced gametophyte (retained within sporophyte, provide nutrients and protection)
-heterospory
129
What is double fertilization?
angiosperms. where 2 sperms are produced. one fuses with egg and other fuses with central cell nuclei to produce triploid endosperm
130
Advantage of double fertilization?
gives rise to endosperm that provides nutrients for developing embryo
131
What does diecious plant mean?
like a ginkgo, one tree is male, one is female.
132
What does monoecious mean?
plant has both male and female structures on it
133
What does a scale of an ovulate cone produce?
ovules. and ovules produce seeds (seed is a fertilized ovule)
134
Gymnosperm adaptations for seed dispersal?
seed wings
animals eating and spreading through their scat
135
Which parts of a pine seed are gametophyte? Sporophyte?
gametophyte - all the tissue surrounding the embryo (food source)
sporophyte - embryo & seed coat (going to give rise to a tree)
136
Gymnosperm adaptations to cold and dry climates?
head start on photosynthesis by keeping leaves on
waxy cuticle to prevent water loss
sunken stomata allows it to stay in shade
shape of leaf, reduces surface area
conical tree shape, shed snow
137
Angiosperms produce reproductive structures called?
fruit and flower
138
Why do grasses not have perianth?
because they do not need to attract pollinators, pollen is transported by wind
139
When sepals and petals look alike they are called?
tepals
140
What is a perianth?
outer two whorls on a flower
141
What is gynoecium?
female spore producing parts (pistil)
142
What is androecium?
male spore producing part (stamen)
143
Photoperiod?
period of daily illumination from the sun
144
Showy cluster?
inflorescence
145
Complete flower?
has all 4 whorls
146
Perfect flower?
has androecium and gynoecium
147
What are the 3 types of tissue systems?
- dermal
- ground
- vascular
148
Collenchyma?
like celery string. provide support
149
Sclerenchyma?
dead at maturity
150
Parenchyma?
photosynthesis
151
Parenchyma, sclerenchyma and collenchyma are all what type of tissue?
simple, made up of 1 type of cell
152
Vascular tissue is complex, xylem is composed of 3 parts?
tracheids, vessel elements and parenchyma
153
Phloem tissue is composed of which 3 parts?
sieve tube members
companion cells
parenchyma
