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FCA > MIDTERM > Flashcards

MIDTERM Flashcards

1
Q

what is the ultimate goal of treating an injury

A

promote a strong, mobile scar
pain free ROM

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2
Q

5 signs of inflammation - SHARP

A

swelling
heat
altered function
redness
pain

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3
Q

what is the point of the healing process

A

restore integrity of the tissue

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4
Q

what is mature collagen repair called

A

scar tissue

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5
Q

what is primary / first intention healing

A

some tissue loss

wound edges are approximated

healing is efficient, only small amounts of collagen produced

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6
Q

what is secondary/second intention healing

A

extensive tissue loss/large area affected

wound edges aren’t easily approximated

healing takes longer through extensive re-epithelization

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7
Q

acute timeline

A

moment of injury –> 3-4 days

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8
Q

symptom picture of acute

A

redness
swelling
heat
pain
loss of function
muscle spasm/guarding
black, blue purple bruising

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9
Q

what causes swelling

A

fluid leaking into interstitium due to increased permeability of blood vessels

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10
Q

treatment goals in acute stage

A

limit inflamm. process

reduce pain/swelling

decrease SNS firing

prevent re injury

protective spasms are reduced but not removed

compensatory structures are addressed

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11
Q

early subacute stage timeframe

A

within 2 days of injury –> 3 weeks

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12
Q

symptom picture of early subacute

A

less signs of inflammation
decreased swelling
less pain
muscle spasm diminished

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13
Q

what is the primary process of early subacute stage

A

filling damaged area with new tissue

regeneration begins in this stage if necessary

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14
Q

when does re-epithelization happen

A

only applies if the skin is damaged

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15
Q

treatment goals for early subacute

A

decrease inflammation, pain, swelling and spasms

maintain available ROM and strength

peripheral tissue to injury can be treated

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16
Q

what is different from acute tx vs early subacute tx

A

you can start working on tissue proximal to injury site

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17
Q

granulation tissue is part of any tissue repair where first/second intention healing

A

true

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18
Q

what is neuroangiogenesis

A

new blood vessels develop from venues at the edge of an injury

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19
Q

what is granulation tissue

A

vascular CT

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20
Q

in acute stage:
initial vasoconstriction is followed by what

A

vasodilation

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21
Q

what happens in acute stage briefly

A

vasoconstriction followed by vasodilation

swelling caused by fluid leaking into interstitium

platelets cause coagulation

leukocytes go to injured site and clean

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22
Q

subacute time frame

A

within 2 days up to 3 weeks up to 6 weeks

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23
Q

timeline of late subacute

A

2-3 weeks post subacute stage

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24
Q

what happens in late subacute stage

A

blood vessels that developed w neoangiogenesis retract***

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25
Q

what can wound contraction result in

A

deformation of tissue and possible dysfunction

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26
Q

describe what happens in scar remodeling

A

reshaping, reorganizing, healing as collagen is broken down, new collagen is synthesized

cross links develop

strength increases

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27
Q

timeline for chronic

A

2-3 weeks post injury –> 1-2 years

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28
Q

describe reflex muscle guarding

A

response to pain/injury

acts to splint, reduce movement and prevent further injury

can result from referred pain

guarding stops when pain is relieved

29
Q

describe intrinsic muscle spasm

A

self perpetuating pain spasm cycle

indirect or direct trauma

increase in SNS due to not knowing why mm is spasming

RESTRICTS MOVEMENT OF JOINT IF CROSSED BY MUSCLE

circulatory stasis, metabolite build up

30
Q

what is tone

A

resistance of a relaxed muscle

31
Q

what is tension

A

increase in tone in mm that tend to shorten

32
Q

what causes muscle contraction

A

filaments move past each other, pulling on actin, repeated actions produce muscular contraction

33
Q

muscle spindle and golgi tendon transmit proprioceptive info from muscles to the CNS to allow proper functioning

A

true

34
Q

where are muscle spindles found

where are golgi tendons found

A

muscle belly

tendons

35
Q

what do muscle spindles do\

what do they measure

A

major sensory organs that aid in control of movement

measure muscle stretch / speed

36
Q

causes of muscle spasms (6)

A

pain

circulatory stasis

increased gamma firing

chilling of muscle

impaired nutritional supply

lack of vit d

37
Q

symptom picture of spasms

A

pain within muscle due to ischemia and retention of metabolites

spasm/hypertonicity

decreased ROM of joint crossed by shortened affected muscle

antagonist/synergists muscles are affected

38
Q

what does an acutely spasmodic spasm feel like

A

firm dense congested

39
Q

what is the texture of a intrinsic spasm

A

hard fibrous

40
Q

describe abrasion

A

superficial wound w ragged edges

extremely painful

41
Q

how does a muscle spasm occur

A

an action potential stimulates release of calcium –> initates mm contraction

when action potential stops, calcium is recovered and mm contraction ceases

in a spasm, the contraction continues

42
Q

define laceration

A

increased tissue loss w ragged edges

43
Q

define incision

A

clean approximated edges
from sharp object

44
Q

define puncture

A

clean edges w small entry point

45
Q

define animal bite

A

combo of laceration, crush, puncture

46
Q

what happens within a short amount of time in first intention healing, then what happens later on

A

thin layer of fibrin, basis for a clot of laid down

re-epithelization is complete in 2-3 days

site is closed to bacteria

over 10-14 days fibroblasts and collagen add strength

47
Q

what happens in second intention healing

A

if dermis is affected

moisture allows better healing

48
Q

describe superficial burn (1st degree)

A

affects epidermis

prolonged low heat or quick exposure to high heat

redness/pain

mild edema

within week epithelium sloughs off

healing is rapid, no scar tissue but discoloration may occur

49
Q

describe partial thickness (2nd degree burn)

A

goes into dermis

blistering

increased edema, risk of infection, decreased pain due to nerve damage

new layer of skin as a barrier within 14-21 days , deeper burns in 21-35 days

good functional return, minimal scar tissue

deeper= contracture, fibrosis, joint mob restrictions

50
Q

full thickness (third/fourth degree) burn

A

affects down to subcutaneous
down to muscles, bone, tendon

burns look waxy, dry, white or charred

painless = nevre damage

re-ep is not possible because of tissue damage

skin grafts needed

51
Q

what is hypertrophic scar tissue

A

fibres organizing into adhesions w reduced elasticity combined w contraction of myofibroblasts causes “heaped up” tissue

AKA tissue appears heaped up

52
Q

goal for working with scar tissue

A

mobility
return strength
improve tissue health

53
Q

where is the area of a trigger point

A

the motor point where nerve stimulation initiates a contraction in a small, sensitive bundle of muscle fibres that in turn activates the entire muscle

54
Q

what causes a trigger point

A

calcium and ATP on myofascial tissues that have been stressed that causes the tissue to shorten producing taut band/nodule

55
Q

localized uncontrolled metabolic activity in area and localized acidic fluid environment does what

A

makes the nerve endings hyperirritable resulting in TP pain

56
Q

3 perpetuating factors of TP development

A

reflexive
mechanical
systemic

57
Q

reflexive perpetuating factors TP’s

A

skin sensitivity

joint / visceral dysfunction

vasoconstriction

nerve segment

58
Q

mechanical perpetuating factors

A

gait distortion
immobilization
vocational stress
restrictive clothes
furniture

59
Q

systemic perpetuating factors

A

enzyme dysfunction
metabolic / endocrine dysfunction

chronic infection

dietary insufficiencies

psychological stress

60
Q

what is an active trigger point

A

PAINFUL ALL THE TIME / AT REST

prevents mm from fully lengthening

tender on palpation

referred pain in a specific pattern

when mm is lengthened to point of pain a protective mm spasm occurs

61
Q

on an active TP what can palpation produce

A

a local twitch response and possible referred autonomic phenomena

62
Q

what is a latent trigger point

A

produces pain only when palpated

more common than active can persist for years

all other characteristics of active may occur w latent

63
Q

primary trigger points

A

activated by acute or chronic mechanical strain or overload of affected muscle

64
Q

secondary trigger point

A

activated in the overworked synergist or antagonist muscles

65
Q

satellite trigger points

A

found in muscles that lie within the referral pattern of another trigger point

66
Q

who invented trigger points

A

travell

simons

67
Q

what is panniculosis

A

thickening of subcutaneous tissue

granular feel

68
Q

what is a jump sign

A

when pain is intense enough to cause client to jump

FCA (6 decks)

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