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clinical pathology > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Clinical significance of pale yellow urine?

A

Normal

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2
Q

Clinical significance of straw-like colored urine?

A

Normal—dehydration

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3
Q

Clinical significance of red colored urine

A

Blood in urine (hematuria)

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4
Q

Clinical significance of coca-cola colored urine

A

Acute glomerulonephritis

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5
Q

Clinical significance of orange (dark-amber) colored urine

A

Urobilinogen

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6
Q

Clinical significance of green urine

A

Bile, bile pigments

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7
Q

Clinical significance of sweet/fruity smelling urine

A

Ketone bodies—diabetes mellitus

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8
Q

Clinical significance of ammonia smelling urine

A

Bacteria, urine retention

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9
Q

Clinical significance of foul smelling urine

A

Bacteriuria

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10
Q

Clinical significance of extremely turbid appearing urine

A

WBCs, mucus, bacteria, dehydration

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11
Q

Clinical significance of clear appearing urine

A

Normal

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12
Q

What is the confirmatory test for ketone?

A

Ketostix

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13
Q

What is the confirmatory test for glucose?

A

Diastix

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14
Q

What is the confirmatory test for albumin/protein?

A

Albustix

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15
Q

What is the confirmatory test for bilirubin?

A

Icotest

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16
Q

What could a WBC cast be indicative of?

A

Acute pyelonephritis

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17
Q

What could the presence of RBC cast be indicative of?

A

Acute glomerulonephritis

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18
Q

Greater than ______/HPF of RBCs is abnormal. List DDx

A

2; hematuria—nephrolisthiasis, acute glomerulonephritis, cystitis, renal infarction

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19
Q

Greater than ____/HPF of WBC is abnormal. List DDx

A

5; pyelonephritis, renal tuberculosis, cystitis

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20
Q

What are 2 reasons that a patient could have Stix negative for nitrites and still have a UTI?

A

Not all bacteria can reduce nitrates to nitrite, urine must be in bladder for at least 4 hrs

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21
Q

How can you tell functional proteinuria from organic proteinuria?

A

If the patient has other associated s/s

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22
Q

What are several causes of functional proteinuria?

A

High protein diet, orthostatic proteinuria

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23
Q

What are 2 causes of increased specific gravity?

A

Dehydration, diabetes mellitus

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24
Q

What is a cause of low specific gravity?

A

Over-hydration, diabetes insipidous

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25
What is the significance of the level of epithelial cells in a UA?
Possible contamination
26
If a UA has trace ketonuria, how would you tell if it could be diabetes mellitus or not?
Presence/absence of glucose
27
What is the renal threshold for glucose? What is the significance?
180 mg/100mL; if there is glucosuria, the blood glucose must be greater than 180
28
What pathognomonic formed element is most likely seen with pyelonephritis?
WBC cast
29
What pathognomonic formed element is most likely seen with acute glomerulonephritis?
RBC cast
30
What is the most likely diagnosis of glucosuria?
Type II diabetes mellitus
31
What UA findings would you expect to find in type I diabetes mellitus?
Glucosuria + ketonuria
32
Normal specific gravity levels
1.005-1.030
33
Normal urine pH
4.5-8.0
34
What does low pH indicate?
Acidosis, fever, high protein diet
35
What does high pH indicate?
Alkalosis, cystitis
36
What is proteinuria mostly indicative of?
Renal disease
37
Causes of ketones in urine
Type I diabetes mellitus, starvation
38
What could cause a false negative results of hematuria?
High dose of vitamin C
39
What causes nitrite in urine?
Gram negative bacteria, they can reduce nitrate to nitrite
40
Causes of bilirubinuria
Cholelithiasis, biliary tract obstruction—conjugated bilirubin
41
Best specimen of microscopic examination
First morning urination, midstream
42
MC causes of RBCs on microscopic exam
Nephrolisthiasis, acute glomerulonephritis, cystitis, pyelonephritis
43
Significance of WBC cast
Definite evidence that urinary WBCs originated from the kidney—pyelonephritis
44
What specific chromosome abnormality is likely present in a patient with CML?
Philadelphia chromosome
45
What management is appropriate to confirm diagnosis of CML?
Bone marrow biopsy
46
What is the most likely cause of stomach bloating in a patient with CML?
Splenomegaly
47
CBC findings for CML
Anemia, marked leukocytosis, thrombocytosis
48
Compare/contrast CML and AML
CML: thrombocytosis, multiple myeloid precursors AML: thrombocytopenia, myeloblasts w/ Auer Rod Both: leukocytosis, anemia
49
CBC findings for CLL
Anemia, leukocytosis with lymphocytosis, thrombocytopenia
50
Characteristics cells of CLL
Smudge cells; monotonous lymphocytes
51
Diagnostic triad for CLL
>50 yoa >15,000 WBC >50% lymphocytes
52
What is appropriate management for CLL?
Bone marrow biopsy
53
CBC findings for viral infection
Leukopenia with lymphocytosis
54
CBC findings for bacterial infection
Leukocytosis with neutrophilia
55
What is the diagnostic triad for infectious mononucleosis?
Fever, sore throat, lymphadenopathy
56
What is the diagnostic triad for Hodgkin lymphoma?
Fever, pruritis, lymphadenopathy
57
What chiropractic maneuver should be avoided for patients with mono? Why?
Side posture and thoracics due to possible splenomegaly (dont want to rupture spleen)
58
How long should a person with mono wait to return to sports?
4 weeks
59
What s/s are indicative of lower respiratory tract infection?
Crackles on auscultation, chest pain, mucopurulent cough
60
CBC findings for ALL
Anemia, leukocytosis, thrombopenia
61
Characteristic cells of ALL
Lymphoblasts
62
What age group is most commonly affected by ALL?
Pediatrics
63
Characteristic cells of AML
Myeloblast with Auer Rod
64
Characteristic cells of CML
Band neutrophils, myelocytes, metamyelocytes, promyelocytes, myeloblasts
65
Etiology of PCV
Myeloproliferative disorder, blood hyperviscosity (thrombosis)
66
CBC findings for PCV
Erythrocytosis, thrombocytosis, leukocytosis
67
EPO level in PCV
Decreased
68
Etiology of secondary Erythrocytosis
Hypoxia (high altitude, congenital heart disease, chronic lung disease, smoking), renal tumor, testosterone
69
CBC findings for secondary Erythrocytosis
Erythrocytosis, NL WBC, NL plts
70
EPO level of secondary Erythrocytosis
Increased
71
Etiology of relative Erythrocytosis
Dehydration (vomiting/diarrhea, severe burns, lack of water) Low plasma levels
72
CBC findings for relative Erythrocytosis
Erythrocytosis, NL WBC, NL plts
73
EPO levels in relative Erythrocytosis
NL
74
What complications could a patient with PCV experience?
Blood hyperviscosity leading to thrombosis
75
What are the differentials for microcytosis?
Iron deficiency anemia, anemia of chronic disease, sideroblastic anemia, (thalassemia)
76
What are the characteristic cells of Hodgkin lymphoma?
Reed sternberg cells

clinical pathology (6 decks)

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