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Anth100 > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

The lower _____ has evidence of both gradualism and adaptive radiation in human evolution, leading to many species of hominins

A

palaeolithic

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2
Q

The human capacity for culture relies on many things, but the key piece that allow culture to change are selection and ______

A

innovation

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3
Q

______ may be positive, negative, or neutral

A

mutations

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4
Q

Platyrrhini have ______ fingers, toes, and tails

A

prehensile

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5
Q

A trait that occurs because of common ancestry is referred to as a ______

A

homology

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6
Q

This suborder of primates includes lemurs, but not tarsiers

A

strepsirhini

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7
Q

Cultural ______ is a debunked hypothesis that suggested that humans are forced to behave in a particular way because of our culture

A

determinism

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8
Q

Reduced ______ is a primate evolutionary trend that continues throughout human evolution, leading up to our species

A

prognathism

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9
Q

_______ is the study of processes that affect bones, for example weathering, scavenging, and fossilization

A

taphonomy

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10
Q

This characteristic of the anthropological lens would suggest that we need to understand humans both in terms of culture and biology, for example

A

Holism

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11
Q

Ethnography

A
  • one culture in detail
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12
Q

Ethnology

A
  • compares across cultures
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13
Q

Evolution

A
  • change over time
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14
Q

Culture

A
  • learned behaviours and ideas
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15
Q

Subfields of anthropology (4, kinda 5)

A
  • biological
  • cultural
  • linguistic
  • archaeology
    (- applied)
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16
Q

Typology

A
  • study of classes with common characteristics
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17
Q

Emic

A
  • cultural insiders view
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18
Q

Etic

A
  • outside observer’s view
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19
Q

Cultural relativism

A
  • all cultures equally valid
  • understanding the whole
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20
Q

Enculturation

A
  • process of a child learning their culture
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21
Q

4 aspects of culture

A
  • learned
  • symbolic
  • shared
  • holistic
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22
Q

ethnocentrism

A
  • others are wrong or abnormal for being different than us
  • our way of life is correct
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23
Q

How many species of primates?

A
  • around 500
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24
Q

common primate characteristics

A
  • prehensibility
  • large brains
  • diverse diets
  • forward facing eyes
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25
Q

adaptive radiation

A
  • animals evolve to fill ecological niche
  • ex. dinos go extinct
26
Q

primate phrenology (4 terms to remember)

A
  • strepsirhini
  • haplorhini:
    - platyrrhini
    - catarrhini
27
Q

wet nose

A
  • strepsirhini
28
Q

dry nose

A
  • haplorhini
29
Q

folivery

A
  • mainly eat leaves
30
Q

kinds of strepsirhini

A
  • lemur
  • loris
31
Q

kinds of haplorhini

A
  • tarsiers
  • monkeys
  • apes
  • humans
32
Q

platyrrhini characteristics

A
  • flat nose
  • nostrils point out
  • prehensile tail
33
Q

catarrhini characteristics

A
  • no prehensile tail
  • nostrils point down
  • sexual dimorphism
34
Q

hypothesis

A
  • must be testable
  • can collect and analyze data
  • support/reject
35
Q

theory

A
  • multiple well-supported hypotheses
36
Q

gene flow

A
  • genes move between populations
  • members of the same species but don’t normally mate
37
Q

genetic drift

A
  • random factor in evolution
  • small group leaves, parent population begins new population
38
Q

gradualism

A
  • speed of evolution
  • slow and steady
39
Q

punctuated equillibrium

A
  • speed of evolution
  • slow and steady, interrupted by brief significant change
40
Q

speciation

A
  • new species emerge
41
Q

genetics

A
  • study of individual genes and role in inheritance
42
Q

Linnaeus

A
  • binomial system
  • 2 names (homo sapien)
42
Q

Lamarck

A
  • organisms respond to their environment by changing
  • changes are passed on
  • made Darwin’s theories possible
43
Q

Covier

A
  • studied fossil records
44
Q

Lyell

A
  • world is product of gradual changes over time
  • uniformitarianism: changes are ongoing
45
Q

Darwin

A
  • common origin
  • natural selection
46
Q

microevolution

A
  • small changes
  • single species
  • few generations
47
Q

macroevolution

A
  • changes lead to new species
  • diversification over millions of years
48
Q

misconceptions about genetics

A
  • single genes code for most traits
  • mutations are always bad
  • inbreeding leads to mutations
  • DNA is fixed at birth
49
Q

when was the earliest tool use?

A
  • 3.3 mya
50
Q

fossil

A
  • any preserved early human remains
51
Q

fossil record

A
  • interpretation of human evolution
  • the assembly of human remains collected
52
Q

osteology

A
  • study of the human skeleton
53
Q

determining age of fossils (3 methods)

A
  • potassium argon dating
  • radiocarbon dating
  • dating by association
54
Q

defining characteristics between hominins and hominoids

A
  • bipedalism
  • teeth
  • skulls
55
Q

lower palaeolithic

A
  • hominoid development
  • about 4.4 mya - 500,000 ya
56
Q

middle paleolithic

A
  • neandertals and homo sapiens
  • about 500 kya - 40 kya
57
Q

upper palaeolithic

A
  • homo sapiens
  • about 40 kya - 12 kya
58
Q

ape and hominin differences

A
  • prognathism (we are flat faced)
  • brow ridge
  • sagittal crest
  • cranial capacity
59
Q

australopithecus

A
  • 4.2 mya
  • 1st clearly bipedal hominid
  • everything other than skull looks human
60
Q

homo habilis

A
  • 1.5 mya
  • may have evolved into erectus
  • 1st of our genus
61
Q

homo heidelbergensis

A
  • transitional species between H. erectus and H. neanderthalensis/sapiens

Anth100 (10 decks)

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