Midterm

Question 1

is a contagious and potentially life-threatening infection caused by the bacterium **Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Answer 1

Pulmonary Tuberculosis (TB)

Question 2

this disease remains a leading cause of death, particularly in low- and middle-income countries

Answer 2

Pulmonary Tuberculosis (TB)

Question 3

What immune response involves the formation of small, nodular structures to contain and fight off infections, particularly in conditions like tuberculosis?

Answer 3

Granuloma Formation

Question 4

Inside a granuloma, there are infected macrophages and other immune cells, creating a protective wall.

Answer 4

Granuloma Composition

Question 5

If the immune system manages to keep the bacteria under control, the person may develop latent TB. In this state, the bacteria are inactive, and the person shows no symptoms and cannot spread the disease

Answer 5

Controlled infection

Question 6

What is the term for a tuberculosis infection that is present in the body without causing active disease or symptoms, but can potentially become active in the future?

Answer 6

Latent TB Infection (LTBI)

Question 7

What term describes the process by which a latent tuberculosis infection becomes an active and symptomatic disease?

Answer 7

Progression to Active TB

Question 7

The infection can spread from the lungs to other parts of the body, like the kidneys, spine, or brain, leading to further health problems

Answer 7

Extrapulmonary TB

Question 8

Severe damage to lung tissue can make it hard for a person to breathe normally.

Answer 8

Respiratory Failure

Question 9

If TB bacteria become resistant to medications, treatment becomes more difficult, often requiring longer and harsher drug regimens.

Answer 9

Drug Resistance

Question 10

What are the Risk Factors of TB

Answer 10

Weak Immune System
Malnutrition
Overcrowded Living Conditions
Smoking and Substance Abuse

Question 11

What are the Signs and Symptoms of TB

Answer 11

Persistent Cough
Coughing Up Blood or Mucus
Chest Pain
Fever and Chills
Night Sweats
Unexplained Weight Loss
Fatigue
Loss of Appetite

Question 12

What are the diagnosis for TB

Answer 12

Medical History and Physical Exam
Chest X-ray
Sputum Culture and Smear
Tuberculin Skin Test (TST)
Interferon-Gamma Release Assays (IGRAs)

Question 13

What are the primary treatments for TB

Answer 13

R - Rifampicin
I - Isoniazid
P - Pyrazinamide
E - Ethambutol
S - Streptomycin

Question 14

What are the prevention and control of TB

Answer 14

Vaccination
Screening and Contact Tracing
Improving Living Conditions

Question 15

is a heterogeneous disease, usually characterized by chronic airway inflammation (GINA, 2019).

Answer 15

Asthma

Question 16

What are the clinical manifestations of Asthma

Answer 16

Hypoxemia
Cough
Wheezing
Dyspnea

Question 17

it is the number 1 cause of hospital admission in children and elderly

Answer 17

pneumonia

Question 18

this means that a person’s immune system is weakened or not functioning properly

Answer 18

immunocompromised

Question 19

nursing interventions for asthma

Answer 19

deep breathing
suctioning
Increased fluid intake
steam inhalation
Semi-Fowlers or High-fowlers

Question 20

The pharynx is divided into three parts, namely:

Answer 20

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

Question 21

What bacterium is the primary cause of tuberculosis in humans?

Answer 21

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

Question 22

What are the three primary routes through which pneumonia can develop?

Answer 22

inhalation of pathogens
aspiration
hematogenous spread

Question 23

“What set of conditions is represented by the acronym SHARP in the context of asthma-related complications?

Answer 23

Status Asthmaticus
Hypoxemia
Atelectasis
Respiratory failure
Pneumonia

Question 24

The combination medication ____ and ___ is used for quick relief of asthma symptoms and acute exacerbations.

Answer 24

Ipratropium Bromide Albuterol Sulfate

Question 25

Inhibits muscarinic cholinergic receptors and reduce intrinsic vagal tone of the airway

Answer 25

anticholinergic medications

Question 26

what are the **Short Acting BETA-2- Adrenergic Agonists (SABAs)

Answer 26

Albuterol Levalbuterol Pirbuterol

Question 27

They are broadly effective in alleviating symptoms, improving airway function, and decreasing peak flow variability.

Answer 27

Inhaled corticosteroids

Question 28

A systemic preparation may be used to gain rapid control of the disease.

Answer 28

Systemic corticosteroids

Question 29

They are broadly effective in alleviating symptoms, improving airway function, and decreasing peak flow variability.

Answer 29

LONG-ACTING BETA-2 ADRENERGIC AGONISTS (LABAs)

Question 30

Interferes with leukotriene synthesis or blocks the receptors where leukotrienes exert their action.

Answer 30

LEUKOTRIENE MODIFIERS (INHIBITORS)/ANTILEUKOTRIENES

Question 31

Causes bronchodilation and act as mild anti-inflammatory agents by influencing epinephrine release.

Answer 31

Theophylline

Question 32

Prevent binding of IgE to the high-affinity receptors of basophils and mast cells.

Answer 32

Omalizunab

Question 33

is a term for diseases that restrict your breathing.

Answer 33

COPD

Question 34

A group of progressive lung diseases that cause airflow blockage and breathing related problems

Answer 34

COPD

Question 35

What are the forms of COPD

Answer 35

Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema

Question 36

it is also known as the blue bloater

Answer 36

Chronic bronchitis

Question 37

it is also known as the pink puffer

Answer 37

Emphysema

Question 38

it is a long-term inflammation of the bronchi, leading to a persistent cough with mucus production.

Answer 38

chronic bronchitis

Question 39

what are the suspected causes of Chronic Bronchitis

Answer 39

Smoking Air Pollution Occupational Hazards Genetics Age

Question 40

What may be the symptoms of chronic bronchitis

Answer 40

- Chronic cough - mucus production - Dyspnea - frequent respiratory infections

Question 41

it is the destruction of the alveoli

Answer 41

Emphysema

Question 42

What may be the symptoms of Emphysema

Answer 42

- Shortness of breath, especially during physical activities - a feeling of tightness in the chest

Question 43

What may be the possible medications to relieve emphysema

Answer 43

Bronchodilators Inhaled Steroids Antibiotics

Question 44

What are the lifestyle changes in patients with emphysema

Answer 44

Smoking cessation Avoiding Lung irritants Regular Exercise Healthy Diet

Question 45

is used to evaluate airflow obstruction, which is determined by the ratio of FEV, to forced vital capacity (FVC)

Answer 45

Spirometry

Question 46

is also used to determine reversibility of obstruction after the use of bronchodilators

Answer 46

Spirometry

Question 47

refers to discomfort or pain localized in the lower region of the spine, typically between the bottom of the rib cage and the top of the legs.

Answer 47

low back pain

Question 48

What are the common causes of LBP

Answer 48

Muscle or Ligament Strain Herniated or Bulging Discs Degenerative Disc Disease (DDD) Osteoarthritis Spinal Stenosis Spondylolisthesis Scoliosis Trauma or Injury Inflammatory Conditions Poor Posture or Ergonomics

Question 49

What are the clinical manifestations of LBP

Answer 49

Acute back pain or chronic pain Fatigue Radiculopathy

Question 50

Differentiate between nerve and vein

Answer 50

Nerve: Stimulates the brain (communication) Vein: Passageways of blood to the heart (circulation)

Question 51

Diagnostics of LBP

Answer 51

X-ray Bone scan and blood studies Computed tomography (CT) scan Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Electromyogram (EMG) and Nerve conduction studies Myelogram Ultrasound

Question 52

Medical Management for LBP

Answer 52

rest and activity modification OTC Pain relievers Heat or Cold therapy Acupuncture Physical Therapy

Question 53

is traditionally thought of as a ‘wear and tear’ disease which occurs as we age

Answer 53

OSTEOARTHRITIS

Question 54

Is a noninflammatory degenerative disorder of the joints.

Answer 54

OSTEOARTHRITIS

Question 55

Joint arthroplasty refers to the surgical removal of an unhealthy joint and replacement of joint surfaces with metal or synthetic materials.

Answer 55

ARTHROPLASTY

Question 56

CLINICAL MANIFESTATION of Osteoarthritis

Answer 56

Joint Pain Swelling Stiffness Reduced Range of Motion Crepitus

Question 57

is a bone disease that develops when bone mineral density and bone mass decreases, or when the structure and strength of bone changes. This can lead to a decrease in bone strength that can increase the risk of fractures (broken bones).

Answer 57

Osteoporosis

Question 58

what are the non-modifiable risk factors of osteoporosis

Answer 58

Age Gender Ethnicity Family History Body frame size

Question 59

why does Caucasian and Asian people are most likely to get osteoporosis

Answer 59

Body Structure Genetics Diet Lifestyle Hormonal Factors

Question 60

Clinical Manifestations of Osteoporosis

Answer 60

Loss of Height Bone fractures Back pain Stooped Posture Changes in appearance

Question 61

Medical Management of Osteoporosis

Answer 61

Increase calcium intake - consume 1000-1200mg daily * Increase vitamin D intake - consume 400-1000 IU daily * Regular weight-bearing exercise - engage 20 to 30 minutes of weight-bearing exercise daily * Avoid excessive alcohol intake - limit alcohol consumption * Quit smoking

Question 62

the surgical removal of a body part, is a life-altering procedure that requires extensive nursing knowledge and care.

Answer 62

Amputation

Question 63

Indications of Amputation

Answer 63

- Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD) - Diabetes Mellitus - Trauma - Cancer - Other causes such as Gangrene, Frostbite, Congenital Limb Deficiency, Chronic Pain, Compartment Syndrome, and Smoking