midterm

Question 1

paracrine secretions

Answer 1

enter interstitial fluid and only affect nearby cells

Question 2

autocrine secretions

Answer 2

only affect the cells secreting the substance

Question 3

endocrine and exocrine glands

Answer 3

chemical secretions internally and chemical secretions through ducts that lead to body surface

Question 3

differences between steroid and non steroid hormones

Answer 3

steroid:
- derived from cholesterol
- include sex hormones, aldosterone, and cortisol
nonsteroid:
- derived from amino acid called tyrosine
- includes epi and norepinephrine

Question 4

hormones from hypothalamus

Answer 4

• corticotropin releasing
• gonadotropin releasing
• somatostatin
• growth hormone releasing
• prolactin releasing
• thyrotropin releasing

Question 4

hormones from anterior pituitary gland

Answer 4

• adrenocorticotropic
• follicle stimulating
• growth hormone
• luteinizing
• prolactin
• thyroid stimulating

Question 5

posterior pituitary hormones

Answer 5

• antidiuretic
• oxytosin

Question 6

thyroid gland hormones

Answer 6

• calcitonin
• thyroxine
• triiodothyronine

Question 7

parathyroid gland hormone

Answer 7

parathyroid

Question 8

adrenal medulla hormones

Answer 8

epi and norepinephrine

Question 9

adrenal cortex hormones

Answer 9

• aldosterone
• cortisol
• dehydroepiandrosterone

Question 10

pancreas hormones

Answer 10

glucagon
insulin
somatostatin

Question 11

blood volume in the body

Answer 11

about 8% of weight– roughly 5 liters

Question 12

hematocrit definition

Answer 12

the percentage of RBCs in whole blood

Question 13

composition of blood

Answer 13

cells= 45%
plasma= 55%

Question 14

hematopoiesis definition

Answer 14

the formation of blood cells

Question 15

where do blood cells originate

Answer 15

red bone marrow

Question 16

polycythemia

Answer 16

excessive increase in RBCs

Question 17

function of hormone erythropoietin

Answer 17

control the rate of red blood cell formation

Question 18

vitamin B12 affect on RBCs

Answer 18

DNA synthesis

Question 19

irons effect on RBCs

Answer 19

hemoglobin synthesis

Question 20

folic acid effect on RBCs

Answer 20

DNA synthesis

Question 21

anemia

Answer 21

deficient in RBCs

Question 22

biliverden

Answer 22

a greenish pigment from decomposed iron

Question 23

biliruben

Answer 23

orange bile pigment from biliverden

Question 24

decreased RBC number leads to what kinds of anemias

Answer 24

hemorrhagic anemia hemolytic anemia pernicious anemia aplastic anemia

Question 25

decreased hemoglobin concentration leads to what kind of anemia

Answer 25

iron deficiency anemia

Question 26

abnormal hemoglobin leads to what diseases

Answer 26

sickle cell anemia and thalassemia

Question 27

neutrophils

Answer 27

- most numerous WBC 50-70% - first to arrive at infection site - aggresively kill bacteria

Question 27

two major types of WBCs

Answer 27

agranulocytes and granulocytes

Question 28

granulocytes

Answer 28

neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

Question 29

eosinophils

Answer 29

- 1-3% - parasitic infections

Question 30

monocytes

Answer 30

- largest WBCs - 3-9% - macrophages - increased in viral infections and inflammation

Question 31

basophils

Answer 31

- less than 1% - play major role in allergic reactions - prevent coagulation and inflammation

Question 32

leukopenia

Answer 32

lack of white blood cells

Question 32

leukocytosis

Answer 32

too many leukocytes

Question 33

lymphocytes

Answer 33

- smallest WBCs - 25-33% - T cells directly attack microorganisms and tumor cells - B cells produce antibodies

Question 34

platelets or thrombocytes arise from

Answer 34

megakaryocytes

Question 35

thrombocytosis

Answer 35

high platelet count

Question 36

thrombocytopenia

Answer 36

low platelet count

Question 37

plasma proteins relation to blood

Answer 37

most abundant dissolved substances in the blood

Question 38

gamma globulins

Answer 38

constitute the antibodies of immunity

Question 38

the three plasma proteins

Answer 38

albumins: 60% (maintain osmotic pressure) globulins: 36% (Alpha, Beta, and Gamma) fibrinogen: 4% (coagulation)

Question 38

alpha and beta globulins

Answer 38

transport lipids and fat soluble vitamins

Question 39

what is the most effective homeostatic mechanism

Answer 39

blood coagulation

Question 40

fibrinogen

Answer 40

blood coagulation

Question 41

extrinsic clotting mechanism

Answer 41

begins with damage to tissue

Question 42

intrinsic clotting mechanism

Answer 42

begins with contact to foreign substance

Question 43

embolus

Answer 43

blood clot that dislodges

Question 43

thrombus

Answer 43

blood clotting abnormally in a vessel

Question 44

blood type A

Answer 44

Antigen: A antibody: anti-B

Question 45

blood type B

Answer 45

antigen: B antibody: anti-A

Question 46

blood type AB

Answer 46

antigen: AB antibody: neither

Question 47

blood type O

Answer 47

antigen: neither antibody: both anti-A and anti-B

Question 48

cavity that the heart lies in

Answer 48

mediastinum

Question 49

fibrous pericardium

Answer 49

outer layer of heart

Question 49

pericarditis

Answer 49

inflammation of the pericardium

Question 50

visceral pericardium (AKA...?)

Answer 50

covers the heart (AKA epicardium)

Question 50

parietal pericardium

Answer 50

inner lining of fiberous peri

Question 51

auricles of the atria

Answer 51

- ear-like projections - increase blood volume capacity of atria

Question 52

mitral valve

Answer 52

- bicuspid - is between left atrium and ventricle

Question 53

left coronary artery supplies blood to the ...

Answer 53

tissues of the heart

Question 53

atrioventricular sulcus (AKA...)

Answer 53

drains deoxygenated blood from the heart into the right atrium (AKA: coronary sinus ) *largest vein of the heart

Question 54

sinoatrial node

Answer 54

"pacemaker of the heart" located beneath the right atrium near the opening of the superior vena cava

Question 55

angina pectoris

Answer 55

when a thrombus or embolus blocks or narrows the coronary artery and deprives the myocardial cells of oxygen

Question 56

AV node

Answer 56

conductive pathway between the atria and ventricles

Question 57

purkinjie fibers

Answer 57

conduct impulses to distant ventricular myocardium

Question 58

parasympathetic impulses

Answer 58

decrease heart action thru the vagus nerve and secretes ACH to decrease heart rate

Question 59

sympathetic impulses

Answer 59

secretes norepinephrine to increase heart action

Question 60

baroreceptors

Answer 60

in aorta and carotid arteries to detect change in BP

Question 61

K ions ...

Answer 61

high: decrease heart rate low: arrhythmia

Question 62

Ca ions...

Answer 62

high: increase HR low: decrease HR

Question 63

atrial flutter

Answer 63

abnormally rapid rate of atrial depolarization

Question 64

metarterioles

Answer 64

connect arterioles to capillaries

Question 65

what kind of valves do veins have

Answer 65

semilunar

Question 66

arteriovenous shunts

Answer 66

connect veins to arterioles, bypassing capillaries

Question 67

cardiac output x peripheral resistance = ?

Answer 67

blood pressure (COxPR=BP)

Question 67

factors that affect arterial BP

Answer 67

stroke volume blood volume peripheral resistance viscosity heart rate

Question 68

venules function

Answer 68

connect capillaries to veins

Question 69

atrial natriuretic peptide and ventricular natriuretic peptide hormones ...

Answer 69

ANP = secreted when blood VOLUME⬆ BNP = secreted when BP⬆

Question 69

greater viscosity = ?

Answer 69

greater resistance to flow

Question 69

peripheral resistance

Answer 69

friction between blood and the walls of the blood (impedes blood flow)