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BIOL 215 > Midterm #2 > Flashcards

Midterm #2 Flashcards

1
Q

Carrying Capacity

A

Total numbers of individuals of a species that can be sustained in a habitat in the long term.
Normally determined as the average population numbers of the species across multiple years

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2
Q

Ideal Logistic

A

This is a smooth response
Rapid increase up to carrying capacity then it slowly planes off
Fast replicating species follow this

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3
Q

Damped Oscillations

A

Rapid increase up to carrying capacity and past it.
Then falls below carrying capacity slight oscillation until it planes out at carrying capacity
More common than ideal logistic

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4
Q

Stable Limit Cycle

A

Consistent rise and fall above and below carrying capacity
Sin wave
Common in insects

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5
Q

Chaotic

A

Rapid increase past carrying capacity than a crash eventually rises again but in an unpredictable manner
Caribou of Pribilof Islands

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6
Q

Density-dependant population regulation (limit population growth)

A

Due to intrinsic factors
Population numbers depend on the activity of individuals (birth rate, death rate, immigration, etc)
Regulation often occurs due to decreased births and increased mortality

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7
Q

Mechanisms for density-dependant effects when populations exceed K (6)

A

Intraspecific competition: occurs when required resources are in limited supply
(Interference competition and differential ability to secure resources)

Delayed breeding or reduced offspring production: increase agonistic encounters increases the stress of sub-dominant individuals, reduces the birth rate

Larger territories when resources are limiting: Larger territories by dominant individuals leads to reduced access of sub-dominant males, leads to reduction of numbers of non-territorial members

Dispersal (migration): the leaving of individuals from a population as it reaches carrying capacity

Parasites/diseases: become more prevalent in denser populations, effectively culls population numbers

Predators: Predators are a major source of mortality in populations. Increased density of prey allows predators to expand in numbers and distribution

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8
Q

Interference Competition

A

A form of intraspecific competition

Individuals directly interfere with others for limited resources

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9
Q

Differential Resource Securement

A

A form of intraspecific competition

Some individuals will be better at getting access to necessary resources for survival

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10
Q

Law of constant final yield

A

Regardless of the number of seeds planted you should end up with the same final yield under the same conditions
This is because the environment only supports so many individuals

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11
Q

Factors limiting population growth (2)?

A

Density-dependent population factors and density-independent population regulation

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12
Q

Crepuscular

A

An animal that is primarily active during twilight (during dusk and dawn)

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13
Q

Cathemeral

A

Sporadic and random intervals of activity during any time of the day or night

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14
Q

Niche

A

How an organism makes its living

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15
Q

Resources

A

Contribute to population growth and whose availability can be reduced as a consequence of being consumed

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16
Q

Substance

A

Too abundant to be altered by consumption are not included in those involved in competition

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17
Q

Liebigs Law of the Minimum

A

Population numbers can be regulated by a single resource that has the greatest relative scarcity

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18
Q

Interspecific Competition

A

This is competition between individuals of different species

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19
Q

Gause’s Law of Competitive Exclusion

A

Two species with the same niche cannot coexist

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20
Q

Evidence for interspecific competition in nature (4)

A

Habitat shifts in allopatry and sympatry

Character displacement: the tendency for 2 species to diverge in form when in sympathy

Habitat differences and resource partitioning: the ghost of competition past or competition in the present

Allelopathy: chemical competition in plants and animals (release of chemicals by one species to reduce the growth of others)

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21
Q

Elton’s Niche

A

The role of a species in a community

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22
Q

Hutchinson’s niche

A

all biophysical conditions that characterize the life of a species

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23
Q

Fundamental niche

A

Is the entire multidimensional space that represents the total range of conditions within which an organism can function without limiting factors

24
Q

Realized niche

A

The actual multidimensional space that a species can occupy taking into account biotic factors such as predators, competitors and parasites

25
Q

Quantifying Niche Space

A

d = distance between two species in average resource use
w = measure of resource spectrum breadth of a species
d/w < 1 means no co-existence
d/w > 1 means full co-existence

26
Q

Hutchinson’s Concept of Niche Space

A

The multidimensional niche overlap of species
Helps us understand how 2 species are really interacting
Can be an nth hypervolume – means there could be little overlap in hypervolume

27
Q

Lotka and Volterra Competition Model

A

dN/dt = rN [(K-N) - (αN2) / K]

The effect of species 2 on population growth of species 1

28
Q

Competition Coefficient (α)

A

This is the competitive overlap
Measure of the inhibitory effect of species 2 on population growth of species 1
Amount of resource one individual of the population uses relative to the other

29
Q

Functional response curves (FRC)

A

Rate of food consumption and density of prey

Shows the rate at which food is consumed related to the density of the prey in the population

30
Q

FRC I

A

Linear model
As prey density increases so do consumption linearly
Single species
Very rare
Only when the predator has a high metabolism, and food is calorie poor
Single prey species eaten

31
Q

FRC II

A

The exponential increase of prey consumption up to a level where it tapers off
Because predator gets satiated or handling time poses a constraint
Single prey species eaten

32
Q

FRC III

A

The quadratic increase followed by an inversion to exponential increases up to a flat line
Slow initial increase do threshold of security
Most common model
Multiple prey species eaten

33
Q

Threshold of security

A

Minimum density under which no further predation occurs

Predicts that predators would rarely overexploit a prey species

34
Q

Compensatory predation (4)

A 
At low prey densities:
Reduced search efficiency
Prey switching
Search image
Aggregated responses of predators
35
Q

Relative abundance of predator-prey (2)

A

Endothermic predators – 1:300

Ectothermic predators – 60:300

36
Q

Prey defence (8)

A 
Aposematic coloration
Crypsis/camouflage 
Mullerian mimicry
Batesian mimicry 
Protean behaviour 
Autotomy
Structural defence
Chemical defence
37
Q

Aposematic coloration

A

Brightly coloured individuals to alert predators that they are noxious or poisonous

38
Q

Mullerian mimicry

A

many poisonous species in similar areas develop a similar conspicuous colour pattern to mimic each other and reinforce predator avoidance

39
Q

Batesian mimics

A

These mimic noxious species in the habitat, but they themselves are not noxious

40
Q

Plant defence against herbivores

A

Plant structural defences

Plant chemical defences

41
Q

Antibrowsing compounds – secondary metabolites (7)

A 
Unpleasant odour 
Contact irritation
Bitter taste
Neurotoxins
Proteinase inhibitors 
Growth hormone mimics 
Psychotropic effects
42
Q

Animal defence against plant chemical defence (3)

A

Mixed function oxidase -oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis Concentration of toxins
Selective browsing

43
Q

Ecological Succession

A

The sequential change in species composition of the community over time

44
Q

Primary succession

A

the initial establishment of plant and animal communities on substrates lacking living organisms

45
Q

Secondary Succession

A

Change of an established community

Recolonziation of an already established habitat

46
Q

Allogenic succession

A

abiotic disturbance

47
Q

Autogenic succession

A

biotic disturbance

48
Q

Aggregation to the Transition state of biomass following clearcutting

A

The soil community dies following clear cut, so the detritus builds up. After soil community builds up the detritus begins to be broken down again, reducing the total biomass

49
Q

What factors are correlated to the rate of succession?

A

The temperature and rainfall. Faster succession under warmer and wetter conditions

50
Q

Ecological mechanisms for succession (4)

A

Stochastic events – largely unpredictable, who gets there first and dictate early seral stages

Facilitation – a species creates conditions favourable for succeeding species but not itself

Inhibition: a species inhibits the colonization of subsequent colonists (slows succession and prolongs a seral stage)
Allelopathy or competitive exclusion

Tolerance: members of the seral stage are those that co-exist due to the use of different resources
Combines facilitation and inhibition into a co-evolutionary view of succession (the ghost of competition past)

51
Q

Some indices of the food web complexity (3)

A

Number of producers to top predator
Total number of links (L)
Connectance (C) - number of links in a food web divided by total number of possible links (N)

52
Q

How to calculate total number of possible links (N)

A

N = n(n-1) / 2

53
Q

Umbrella (indicator species)

A

Species used for conservation decisions

54
Q

Dominant species

A

a common species with an effect on the community proportional to its biomass

55
Q

Keystone species

A

a species with an effect on the community that is disproportional to its biomass

56
Q

Nutrient cycling downloading and uploading

A

Downloading: rivers discharge sediment, trace elements, dissolved organic matter, nitrogen phosphates
Increased primary production in estuaries and adjacent marine waters

Uploading: Movement of marine nutrients back into the terrestrial environment. Normally in the form of carcasses or guano
Increase Nitrogen content of soils

BIOL 215 (5 decks)

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