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BIOL 215 > Midterm #1 > Flashcards

Midterm #1 Flashcards

1
Q

Polymorphic

A

One or more variants at a locus within a population

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2
Q

Minimum Viable Population

A

Population size needed to retain 90% of genetic variability after 200 years

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3
Q

Minimum Viable Area

A

Minimum area size needed to maintain genetic variability after 200 years

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4
Q

Anangensis

A

gradual change over geological time. Changing adaptations over time

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5
Q

Cladogensis

A

the branching of lineages and formation of new species

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6
Q

Geological Timetable (7)

A 
First Unicellular Life  -- 3.5 BYA
Multicellular Soft Bodied -- 1 BYA
Hardbody fossil deposits -- 800 MYA
Age of Fishes -- Paleozoic (540-250) MYA
Greatest Extinction Event -- 250 MYA
Age of Reptiles -- Mesozoic (250-65) MYA
Age of Mammals -- Cenozoic (65 MYA - Present)
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7
Q

K/T Boundary

A

A geological signature within the rock that shows the distinction between the cretaceous and tertiary periods

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8
Q

Optimal Foraging Theory

A

Preference for food/prey with greatest NET energy gain
Feed more selectively when food/prey is abundant
Include low quality food/prey only when food/prey is scarce

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9
Q

Patch Foraging Rules

A

Concentrate foraging on most productive patches, ignore patches of low productivity
Stay within patch until productivity falls to a level equal to the average of all patches combined

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10
Q

Best Predictor of Asexual Reproduction in Animals

A

Constant environment and short lifespan

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11
Q

Panmixis

A

Unrestricted random mating, all individuals of the opposite sex are potential mates
Most schooling fishes and marine invertebrates
Usually monomorphic

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12
Q

Dominant/Strong Male Preference

A

Females will often flock to the strongest male in the area for protection and exclusively mate with this male

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13
Q

Parasite-free Male Hypothesis

A

Individuals differ in their ability to contract pathogens
Resistance to disease is a heritable trait, and males with no parasites have better immunological genes and physiology
Hypothesize that bright colours are costly to produce so can only be produced by parasite-free males
Hamilton and Zuk only have partial support for this

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14
Q

Symmetrical Male Hypothesis

A

Minor errors during development cause asymmetries in the animal
Excellent genotypes can correct these errors so females choose symmetrical males as they have better genotypes
Good support in the literature

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15
Q

Inbreeding Avoidance

A

All plants/animals have a mechanism to prevent inbreeding (homozygosity)
Mostly done by ~30 genes for special proteins in the cell membrane for major histocompatibility complex (MHC) Used to detect pheromones about relatedness,prefer males that smell most dissimilar to them

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16
Q

Advantages of Group Living (5)

A

Increased food search efficiency, Increased capture efficiency, Increased detection of predators (many eyes hypothesis), Increased defence against predators, Selfish-herd theory (dilution effect)

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17
Q

Disadvantages of Group Living (3)

A

Shared resources and resource depletion, Increased transmission of parasites and conflicts/stress

18
Q

R-Selected

A

high numbers of eggs, high population growth potential, boom or bust cycle, maximum reproductive capacity (r)

19
Q

K-Selected

A

low numbers of eggs, low population growth potential, stable populations, usually long-lived, populations near carrying capacity (K)

20
Q

Semelparous

A

Single reproduction event (insects, cephalopods, salmon)

21
Q

Iteroparous

A

Repeated reproduction events (plants, molluscs, fish, Vertebrata)

22
Q

Precocial Young

A

Offspring that soon after birth are capable of fending for themselves

23
Q

Altricial Young

A

Offspring who are born relatively helpless to their environment

24
Q

David Lack

A

Proposed that number of eggs in bird clutch size represents the maximum number of young that the parent and successfully raise

25
Q

Generation Time

A

Age at which organisms are able to reproduce

26
Q

Geographical Distribution (3)

A

Cosmopolitan: Spread to everywhere in one medium (all oceans, countries, etc)
Limited: These species are limited to large areas depending on the climate
High restricted (endemic): Only exist in a single place on earth

27
Q

Types of Distribution (3)

A

Hyperdispersion: equidistant tightly packed (school of fish, seabirds)
Random: individuals are randomly distributed without respect to each other (grazing wildebeests, clams, forest spiders)
Aggregated: individuals form groups separated from each other – Coarse (clumps separated by large area) or fine (clumps separated by small area)

28
Q

Peterson/Lincoln Index for mark,release,recapture

A

Live capture – mark and release
N=population size, M=# of marked individuals in a population
Resample population
n=# of individuals in the sample, m=# of the marked individual in the sample
M/N=m/n

29
Q

Assumptions for mark-recapture studies (4)

A

The population is mostly constant (no immigration, emigration, births, deaths
Marked individuals have the same chance of being caught
Marked individuals do not incur greater mortality (stress-related or mark associated)
Marked individuals do not lose their marks

30
Q

Age-specific Cohort Analysis

A

Follow a specific cohort from birth (hatching) to death

Most useful on short-lived species

31
Q

Time-specific life table

A

Age structure at a single point in time
Long-lived animals (most large animals)
A snapshot in time (static life table)
Requires age distribution of a population

32
Q

Survivorship formula

A

lx = Ntx / Nt

33
Q

Mortality Formula

A

qtx = (Ntx -Ntx+1) / Ntx

34
Q

4 Primary Population Parameters

A

Birth, Death, Immigration and Emigration

Nt+1 = Nt + B + I – D – E

35
Q

Age-specific Fecundity Rate (ASFR)

A

Average number offspring produced per female for each age group

36
Q

Total Fecundity Rate (TFR)

A

The average number of offspring produced per female over her lifetime

37
Q

Net Reproductive Rate (NRR) (R0)

A

Survivorship of reproductive females in any age group (lx) multiplied by the number of daughters produced for each age class of female (mx)

38
Q

R0

A

The average number of breeding daughters that will be produced by each breeding female in the population in her lifetime
R0 <1 : Population is decreasing
R0=1 : Population is stationary
R0 >1 : Population is increasing

39
Q

Geometric Growth

A

When a semelparous population grows without constraint

Nt+1 = R0*Nt

40
Q

If net reproductive rate is unknown use Lambda

A

λ= Nt+1 / Nt
Estimate the geometric growth of population into the future
Useful for non-overlapping semelparous species

BIOL 215 (5 decks)

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