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health sci 2250 > midterm 2 > Flashcards

midterm 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

differentiate between a theory and a model

A

theories provide insight & give a direction. models give steps to initiate change

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2
Q

what school of psychological thought did pavlov’s work start?

A

behaviourist

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3
Q

what did pavlov contribute?

A

classical conditioning

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4
Q

describe classical conditioning

A

a neutral stimulus which produces no reaction is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. soon the neutral stimulus is turned into a conditioned stimulus and produces the conditioned response

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5
Q

is operant conditioning a type of associative learning? why or why not?

A

operant conditioning IS a type of associative learning. we associate consequences with our behaviour

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6
Q

what did skinner contribute?

A

operant conditioning

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7
Q

what is a “shaper” in operant conditioning?

A

used to guide current behaviour towards the desired behaviour thru successive approximations

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8
Q

what are the key constructs of the health belief model?

A

perceived: susceptibility, benefits, severity, and barriers

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9
Q

what is a perceived threat in the health belief model?

A

when there is perceived severity and susceptibility

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10
Q

according to the health belief model, what affects one’s response?

A

perceived benefits and barriers

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11
Q

what is self efficacy?

A

when one can develop and persist with a behaviour

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12
Q

what are the stages of the trans theoretical model?

A

precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance which could lead to termination or relapse

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13
Q

describe the precede proceed model

A

start with the desired end and work back to original causes

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14
Q

name the phases of the precede-proceed model

A

phase 1 social assessment/situational analysis, phase 2 epidemiological assessment, phase 3 educational and ecological assessment, phase 4 admin and policy assessment/intervention alignment, phase 5-8 implementation and evaluation

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15
Q

when can the matrix be used to determine prioritization in the precede proceed model?

A

phase 2 epidemiological assessment

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16
Q

describe phase 1 of the precede proceed model

A

social assessment & situational analysis: involve people who will be targeted and get their thoughts on problems and priorities. the social problems may help measure quality of life

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17
Q

describe phase 2 of the precede proceed model

A

epidemiological assessment: match information to contributing factors to main problems. consider vital indicators (morbidity, fertility, mortality) and their dimensions (needs, strength of the problem, etc). identify specific health related behaviours, environmental, and genetic factors that could be linked to the health problem

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18
Q

describe phase 3 of the precede proceed model

A

educational and ecological assessment: done on the basis of research on health/social behaviours and ecological relationships between environmental behaviours

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19
Q

what are the 3 precede groups (constructs) of the precede proceed model

A

predisposing factors, enabling factors (makes change possible), reinforcing factors (encourages/discourages behaviour)

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20
Q

describe phase 4 of the precede proceed model

A

admin and policy assessment and intervention alignment: assessment of organizational and administrative capabilities and resources for program interventions (assesses limitations)

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21
Q

describe phases 5-8 in the precede proceed model

A

implementation and evaluation: NOTE THAT EVALUATION IS INTEGRAL AND CONTINOUS THROUGHOUT ALL PHASES OF IMPLEMENTATION – NOT JUST THE END!

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22
Q

describe the stimulus response theory

A

believes learning results from events and reinforcements which reduce physiological drives that activate behaviour

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23
Q

describe social cognitive theory

A

believes that behaviour is caused by reinforcement and expectations. built on understanding of interaction between people and environment

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24
Q

what is behavioural capacity?

A

knowing what a behaviour is and how to perform it

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25
what are expectancies?
value placed on outcomes
26
what is self efficacy?
perceived competence to engage in behaviours
27
how can you increase self efficacy?
task mastery, vicarious experience, verbal persuasion (coaching), imagery, and emotional arousal (reading your emotions positively)
28
what is reciprocal determinism? who came up with the term?
dynamic interaction between a person, behaviour, and environment. coined by bandura
29
when is a needs assessment taken in the precede proceed model?
social assessment/situational analysis
30
what are service demands?
what the population says they need to resolve their problems
31
what are service needs?
what health professionals says the population needs
32
where do we spend most of our healthcare money?
treatments
33
what is a reason as to why it may be difficult for those in high risk to change behaviour?
they may hang out with people who share similar behaviours. e.g. teen drinking
34
what are the advantages of macro health (population based) strategies?
radical: attempts to find root cause and eradicate it to make it less common. powerful: changing the exposure risk. behaviourally appropriate: works with social norms, attempts to change what is socially acceptable
35
what are the disadvantages of macro health (population based) strategies?
minimal benefits on individual basis. lack of motivation for population and practitioners
36
what is motivational interviewing? who created it?
client centered counseling style that helps people explore and resolve ambivalence regarding behaviour change. arranges convos so people can talk themselves into change based on their own values and interests. created by Miller and Rollnick
37
list the percentages of how much each factor influences the likelihood of behaviour change
relationship between practitioner and client: 30%. sense of hope: 15%. practitioner's skills and technique: 15%. social determinants: 40%
38
what are the rules of motivational interviewing (for the practitioner)?
drop assumptions and get curious. do not assume you know their experience, etc
39
what are the 4 requirements of empathy according to brene brown?
perspective taking, staying out of judgement, recognizing emotion in others, communicating
40
what is the michelangelo belief
everyone has the capacity and potential for change and adherence
41
what the the elements of motivational interviewing?
collaboration, evoking/drawing out client's ideas on change, autonomy of client
42
what are the distinct principles that guide motivational interviewing?
express empathy, support self efficacy (highlight client's successes), roll with resistance (don't argue), develop discrepancy (difference between current situation and their values/goals)
43
what is OARS?
used for motivational interviewing. Open ended questions (discuss and explore), Affirmations (recognize client's strengths), Reflections (express empathy), and Summaries (shows interests and understanding)
44
what is change talk? the types?
statements revealing consideration/motivation/commitment for change. the types are preparatory and implementing
45
what are the steps of the generalized model?
assessing needs, setting goals, developing interventions, implementing interventions, and evaluating results
46
what does PATCH stand for? what are the phases?
Planned Approach To Community Health. mobilizing the community. collecting and organizing data. choosing health priorities and target groups. choosing and conducting interventions. evaluating patch process and interventions
47
what are the 3 F's of program planning?
fluidity, flexibility, and functionality
48
what is SWOT analysis?
Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats
49
what is intervention mapping?
translates data from the precede phases of precede-proceed model into appropriate interventions
50
what is the socioecological approach?
human behaviour shapes and is shaped by many influences: intrapersonal, interpersonal, institutional, community, public policy, physical environment, and culture
51
what are continuum theories?
behavior change theories that identify variables that influence actions
52
what are stage theories?
ordered set of categories used to classify people. identifies factors that induce movement from a category to the next
53
what are the elements of a stage theory?
category system to define stages, ordering of stages, common barriers to change facing people in same stage, different barriers to change facing people in different stages
54
what are some value expectancy theories?
health belief model, theory of planned behaviour, and protection motivation theory
55
describe the theory of planned behaviour
tendency to act on the expectancy that the act will be followed by a specific consequence. belief -> intention -> behaviour
56
what is a subjective norm?
perceived social pressure to engage/not to engage in a behaviour
57
describe the protection motivation theory
one weighs costs of taking action against benefits. involves rewards and self efficacy
58
describe the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion
explains inconsistencies in results from research dealing with study of attributes. explains how health promo messages aimed at changing attitude were received and processed by people.
59
describe the difference between peripheral and central in regards to the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion
peripheral: minimal thought. central: consideration
60
describe the information-motivation-behavioural skills model
information, motivation, and behavioural skills are determinants of preventive behaviour
61
what are the core constructs of the information-motivation-behavioural skills model?
stages of change, process of change, decisional balance (pros and cons of behaviour change), self efficacy, temptation
62
describe the precaution adoption model
explains how one comes to the decision to take action and how the decision becomes action
63
list some intrapersonal theories
stimulus response theory, transtheoretical model, health belief model, theory of planned behaviour, protection motivation theory, elaboration likelihood model of persuasion, information-motivation-behavioural skills model, precaution adoption model
64
list some interpersonal theories
social cognitive theory, social network theory, social capital theory
65
describe social capital theory
relationships and structures within a community that promote cooperation of mutual benefit (degree of social connectedness)
66
describe the diffusion theory and name the phases.
it is the spread of innovation (new things). starts with knowledge (gaining info bout innovation), persuasion, decision (to adopt innovation or not to), implementation, confirmation (commitment to use to discontinued use)
67
what are the stages of the community readiness model?
no awareness, denial, vague awareness, preplanning, preparation, initiation, stabilization, confirmation/expansion, and professionalism
68
what are the responsibilities of a health education specialist?
assessment of needs/capacity, planning, advocacy, communication, leadership, ethics/professionalism
69
what is the difference between cost benefit analysis (CBA) and cost effectiveness analysis (CEA)?
cost benefit is about profit in money. cost effective is about the health outcomes.
70
what makes up an evidence based practice (info-wise)?
own expertise and experience, client and situation, and research evidence
71
do you need a reference in a rationale?
YEAHHH
72
what makes a successful committee?
representatives from population, doers, influencers, representatives from sponsoring agency, stakeholders, good leadership
73
how did gilmore define "need"?
difference between present situation and a desirable one
74
what is considered one of the most critical parts of planning?
conducting a needs assessment
75
what is a proxy measure?
using behaviours observed when one can't offer input (e.g. children)
76
what are the values of the health impact assessment?
democracy, equity, sustainable development, ethical use of evidence
77
what do health impact assessments produce?
recommendations to help enhance positive aspects of a proposal and minimize negatives
78
what is a logic model?
visual for the relationship between resources, activities to implement, and outputs wish to be achieved
79
describe the type of results in a logic model
short term: change in awareness/attitude. midterm: change in behaviour/environment. long term: risk reduction, change in quality of life/ health status)
80
what are the stages of design thinking?
empathize, define, ideate, prototype, test
81
list the 5 steps of the adaptation framework
assess, select, prepare, pilot, implement
82
what are the levels of influence in regard to health promo?
individual, family, school, community, societal
83
what are the levels in brownson's typology of interventions?
evidence based, effective (peer reviewed), promising (haven't been peer reviewed), emerging
84
what are the types of strategies for health promo intervention?
health communication, health education, health policy, environmental change, health related community service, health advocacy and community mobilization
85
what are the stages of kevin's modified framework on the application of health promo?
gain attention, present stimulus material, provide guidance, elicit performance and provide feedback, enhance retention and transfer (social support)

health sci 2250 (3 decks)

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