Midterm #2

Question 1

_____ foucuses on the psychological factors related to wellness & illness.

Answer 1

health psychology

Question 2

_____ the response to events (stressors) that threaten or challenge.

Answer 2

stress

Question 3

_____ interaction of psychological, emotional, and physical difficulties.

Answer 3

psychophysiological disorders

Question 4

Eustress

Answer 4

• positive
• happy
• wedding planning

Question 5

Distress

Answer 5

• negative
• car accident
• family member is sick

Question 6

How is stress related to the immune system functioning?

Answer 6

it keeps us healthy

Question 7

Fight or Flight ( meaning, what is involved physiologically)

Answer 7

[sympathetic nervous system] when your body is ready to attack due to suspense. ( how a body reacts to suspense )

Question 8

Be able to categorize stressors:

Answer 8

1. Castrophes (earthquakes, floods, hurrricanes)
2. Daily Hassles (waking up, standing in line)
3. Major Life Events (having a baby, getting married, acceptance letters)

Question 9

Type “A”

Answer 9

• competitive
• urgent about time
• agressive
• driven regarding their work
• hostile both verbally & nonverbally

Question 10

Type “B”

Answer 10

• more cooperative
• far less competitive
• not especially time oriented
• not usually aggressive, driven, hostile.

Question 11

______ efforts to control, reduce, or learn to tolerate stressors.

Answer 11

copying with stress

Question 12

______ method of managing emotion in the face of stress by seeking to change the way one feels or precieves a problem.

Answer 12

emotion focused copying

Question 13

_____ attempts to modify the stressful problem or source of the stress.

Answer 13

problem focused copying

Question 14

significance of social support?

Answer 14

release emotions, make you feel comfortable

Question 15

what is invisible support?

Answer 15

when a person knows your not okay and will help you out without you asking.

Question 16

How does imagery affect memory?

Answer 16

it improves memory; it does this because it is highly detailed & distinctive

Question 17

What subfield of psychology is memory studied under?

Answer 17

under cognitive psychology

Question 18

what’s the difference between Intrinsic & Extrinsic motivation?

Answer 18

INTRINSIC MOTIVATION (what you do for you)
- motivation based on internal factors such as organismic needs as well as curiosity challenge & fun.

EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION (what you do for others)
- motivation that involves external incentives such as rewards & punishments.

Question 19

________ basic needs that need to be met like eating & drinking & going to the restroom.

Answer 19

drive reduction theory

Question 20

real life application of classical conditioning …

Answer 20

protecting livestock & predators with tainted carcasses phoblas.

Question 21

______ rewarding approximations of a desired behavior.

Answer 21

shaping

Question 22

_____ the process by which a rewarding stimulus or event ( reinforcer ) following a particular behavior increases the probability that the behavior will happen again.

Answer 22

reinforcement

Question 23

________ an increase in the frequency of a behavior in response to the subsequent removal of something that is unpleasant.

Answer 23

negative reinforcement

Question 24

________ an increase in the frequency of a behavior in response to the subsequent presentation of something that is good.

Answer 24

positive reinforcement

Question 25

What Skinner wanted operant conditioning to be used for?

Answer 25

important of human kind to help the military during WWII by using pigeons tracking behavior.

Question 26

Who is Sniffy?

Answer 26

the rat

Question 27

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS); & know the significance of each stage.

Answer 27

1. Alarm & mobilization stage - become aware of the presence of a stress-or 2. Resistance stage - adjust to the situation, adapt & cope 3. Exhaustion stage - negative consequences of prolonged stress can appear.

Question 28

_____ a theory of learning that focuses solely on observable behaviors, discounting the importance of such mental activity as thinking, wishing, & hoping.

Answer 28

behaviorism

Question 29

________ learning that occurs when we make a certain connection or an association, between two events.

Answer 29

associate learning

Question 30

__________ a systematic, relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience.

Answer 30

Psych definition of learning

Question 31

__________ - theory is that behaviorism is the scientific study of human behavior. - what people do - conditioning is the process of learning to react to the environment.

Answer 31

John Watson

Question 32

__________ - theory -- believed that the best way to understand behavior to look at the causes of an action and its consequences. (operant conditioning)

Answer 32

Skinner

Question 33

________ - responses associated with satisfaction MORE likely to recur - responses associated with discomfort LESS likely to recur

Answer 33

Edward Thorndike ( law of effect)

Question 34

_________ - he was able to pair a neutral stimulus with an excitatory one and have the neutral stimulus elicit the response that was associated with the original unlearned reflex.

Answer 34

Ivan Pavlov (Russian Physiologist)

Question 35

__________ [modeling & imitation] 1. attention 2. retention 3. reproduction 4. motivation

Answer 35

Albert Bandura

Question 36

Little Albert was conditioned to fear, _______

Answer 36

white, soft things.

Question 37

_______ a(n) stimulus that produces a response without prior learning.

Answer 37

Unconditional Stimulus (UCS) [ thunder]

Question 38

________ a(n) unlearned reaction that is automatically elicited by the unconditioned stimulus .

Answer 38

Unconditional Response (UCR) [ jump ]

Question 39

________ a previously neutral stimulus that eventually elicits a conditioned response after being paired with the unconditioned stimulus.

Answer 39

Conditioned Stimulus (CS) [ lighting ]

Question 40

_______ the learned response to the conditioned stimulus that occurs after conditioned stimulus --- unconditioned stimulus.

Answer 40

Conditioned Response (CR) [ jump ]

Question 41

______ a behavior that is instrumental in producing a reinforcement, or avoiding a punishment.

Answer 41

Operant Conditioning

Question 42

_________ organisms that adapt to their environment.

Answer 42

evolutionary psychology

Question 43

______ - a need, a desire, an interest. - energizes that maintains behavior - diverse behavior towards a goal

Answer 43

motivation

Question 44

what is homeostasis?

Answer 44

physiological balance; satiation

Question 45

________ physiological needs create psychological states that drive us to reduce those needs; doesn't explain why we have those needs for necessities.

Answer 45

drive reduction theory

Question 46

Maslow's hierarchy of needs --- motivators at each level; order of hierarchy.

Answer 46

top: ``` self-actualization self-esteem love & belongingness safety & security air, water, food, shelter, sleep, sex ``` bottom:

Question 47

_________ stresses a positive view of human nature and the strong belief in psychological homeostasis.

Answer 47

humanistic psychology

Question 48

_______ needs that take percendence over others

Answer 48

the hierarchy

Question 49

3 components of emotion:

Answer 49

1. physiological arousal ( often indistinguishable [ internal ] ) 2. expressive behavior [ when you act upon it ] 3. conscious experience [ when you think about it ]

Question 50

why is a computer used as the analogy of human information processing?

Answer 50

retrieves, gives, stores, encodes