Midterm 2

Question 1

Electrode - skin interface factors (4)

Answer 1

K

Question 2

Differentiate conventional and acupuncture-like TENS in terms of mechanism and value

Answer 2

K

Question 3

What is NMES? What do we use it for and what do we have to consider when using it?

Answer 3

K

Question 4

What four variables do we work with when using stim? And what does it look like on a graph

Answer 4

I

Question 5

Frequency and pulse width ranges for the to TENs and NMES. Justify each value in terms of what it should do.

Answer 5

K

Question 6

What 4 settings can we manipulate with NMES/TENS? How can we manipulate each to change what the patient feels? Also mention typical ranges and values?

Answer 6

K

Question 7

Explain the mechanism of ultrasound and proposed effects (2). What’s the problem with ultrasound?

Answer 7

K

Question 8

Contraindications of ultrasound (5)

Answer 8

K

Question 9

US Application Tips

Conduction medium
Treatment area
Tissue (adipose vs. High protein content)
Frequency - impacts what?
Duty Cycle (Week 1-3) - impacts what?
Treatment duration (mins)
Intensity (Week 1-3) - units? - impacts what?

Answer 9

K

Question 10

What are the 3 categories of back pain? - how common are they and how are each defined?

Answer 10

K

Question 11

Category 2

Radiculopathy?
Stenosis - 2 canals

Answer 11

K

Question 12

Category 3

4 possible causes?

Answer 12

K

Question 13

What is the Cauda Equina? 2 indications that it is pathological?

Answer 13

K

Question 14

Red flags = pay attention, not diagnosis

What are other spinal pathologies we need to consider?

Cancer (3 signs)
Infection (5 conditions/situations)
Fx (3 causes)
CE Syndrome (3 signs + article)

Answer 14

K

Question 15

Describe the general anatomy of:

• lumbar spine and lumbar vertebrae
• Intervertebral foramen
• Zygo-apophyseal joints
• Intervertebral discs - nucleus purposes, fibrocartilage tissue series, and the “transition zone”
• Posterior longitudinal ligament

Answer 15

K

Question 16

Disc pathology

Acute injury - give an example

Degenerative process of which 4 structures and describe

4 categories of the disc pathology in terms of the nucleus migration

Answer 16

K

Question 17

Clinical Presentation - Disc pathology

History
Aggravate
Alleviate
Usual vertebrae/suspects
Neurological impairment

Answer 17

K

Question 18

ZA joint pathology

Acute injury - mechanism

Degenerative pathology

Presentation

• area of pain?
• pain referral
• aggravate/alleviate

Answer 18

K

Question 19

Describe general anatomy of the SI joint - structure and function

Changes in mobility + causes of these changes (3)

Answer 19

K

Question 20

SIJ - Leg length discrepancies

Anatomic vs. Functional - differentiate

T or F: soft tissue limitations are only relevant to functional

Leg length influences mechanics of which two structures of the lumbar spine?

Answer 20

K

Question 21

SI joint dysfunction

Pain distribution

Aggravated by which two action/motion?

Pops and clunks at related to which type of mobility?

Which muscle tends to spasm and why?

Which nerve is most likely affected and why?

Answer 21

K

Question 22

Lumbar spine - ROM

Recall 2 common techniques for ROM

Which muscles or ROMs to go after?

What can the pelvis tell us? (Bony landmarksK

Lumbo-pelvic symmetry - in class diagram

• relevant wheel turners?
• anterior/posterior pelvic tilt
• right/left lateral pelvic tilt

Answer 22

K

Question 23

Mobility of neural tracts

Why do it?
Example: how would we floss sciatic nerve? In which cases would we want to floss this nerve?

Answer 23

K

Question 24

Lumbar spine - resistance exercise

ISO vs. Endurance

Progress NWV to WV spine

Overview: find _____, go ______, build ______; LPH symmetry

Answer 24

K

Question 25

Lumbar spine - find neutral, go deep 4 common targets - which ones our main focus? How would we change body position to modify challenge?

Answer 25

K

Question 26

Lumbar spine - build bracers 4 fundamental tasks/exercises? (Lab) How would we modify each?

Answer 26

K

Question 27

LPH symmetry - resistance exercise for lumbar spine Which muscles would want to stretch and strengthen? (Anterior/posterior pelvic tilt; right/left lateral pelvic tilts)

Answer 27

K

Question 28

Lumbar spine - rehab - neuromuscular Which 3 body stances/positions can we target? Build from functional/ADL skills - 3 examples? Gatti et al - Experimental group (exercises 1, 2, 5, 6)

Answer 28

K

Question 29

General anatomy of the cervical spine USC - AO and AA joints LSC Comparison to lumbar spine (mobility, function, injury)

Answer 29

K

Question 30

Cervical spine Primary blood vessels (2) Hx (5Ds and 3Ns) FAST

Answer 30

K

Question 31

Cervical spine Similarly to the lumbar spine - the same red flags occur...except with the cervical spine - what other one concern may there be upon injury?

Answer 31

K

Question 32

Cervical pain Muscular issue - 4 major muscles ZA joint injury - mechanism + ROM What kind of spread and pain referral did they find when injecting pain-inducing substances into the ZA joints of the cervical spine?

Answer 32

K

Question 33

WAD Mechanism Problems, concerns (8) Quebec task force classifications - Grade I to IV

Answer 33

K

Question 34

Cervicogenic headaches (CGH) Identifying features vs. general migraines How can MTrPs contribute/cause them? Two main muscle sites of MTrPs contributing to the CGH Usual due to a pathology of USC or LCS? Irritation of which nerve? Convergence in the trigemino-cervical nucleus??

Answer 34

K

Question 35

Inspect FHP - 4 things you should consider Rotation - limited or normal? - Normal ROM - 3 muscles causes - Joint causes (ie. ZA joint compression) - what would you do? Lateral flexion - limited or normal? - Normal ROM - 3 muscles

Answer 35

K

Question 36

When working with the cervical spine...which two factors should we consider when choosing which muscles to target?

Answer 36

K

Question 37

Cervical spine - treatment (MTrP) Why won't passive stretching help? 2 main steps when working out a trigger point - explain how you would do it in detail Recall the TP locations and referral pain of each of these muscles: -LS, UT, SCM

Answer 37

K

Question 38

When working with cervical spine, we also what to focus on other areas as well: thoracic spine mobility as well as the shoulder girdle. How would we improve these? T-spine - over flexion Shoulder girdle - protracted - which muscle do we target? Name 5 main exercises for it

Answer 38

K

Question 39

How would you floss median nerve?

Answer 39

K

Question 40

Resistance exercises to reduce FHP USC and LSC Thoracic Shoulder girdle

Answer 40

K

Question 41

Cervical spine - neuromuscular Gaze stability vs. Visual tracking

Answer 41

K