MIDTERM 2 Flashcards
(121 cards)
1
Q
the academic discipline that studies systems of production, distribution, and consumption, typically in the industrial world
A
economics
2
Q
assumptions about economic behaviour based on the experience of western industrialized economies
A
formal economic theory
3
Q
why is economics important for people
A
critical to human survival, faced with common challenges in closing and feeding their populations- must allocate resources
4
Q
Classic economic theory assumes:
A
with supply and demand, individual act rationally, by economizing to maximize their utility (relationships built on exchange)
5
Q
what does comparative data in anthropology show?
A
that people frequently respond to motivations other than profit
6
Q
Highly influential economic anthropologist, historian & philosopher (1886-1964)
A
Karl Polanyi
7
Q
Karl Polanyi divided economics into 3 types according to the dominant mode of distribution:
A
- Reciprocity - return of gift
- Redistribution
- Market
8
Q
the return/ exchange of a gift
A
reciprocity
9
Q
collection from members of a group and then redistribution within this group (2 examples)
A
redistribution
ex, tribute and taxes
10
Q
involves money and profit
A
Market
11
Q
a society’s economy consists of 3 things:
A
- production
- Distribution/ exchange
- consumption
12
Q
The heart of social and cultural organization
A
patterns of exchange and circulation
13
Q
what are the 6 questions involved in patterns of exchange and circulation?
A
who, what, where (significance of place), when (what occasion?), why (social reasons), how (ceremony, mechanisms)
14
Q
example of an exchange item in a tribe
A
Raffia cloth ( men needed in order to have permission from older men in tribe to marry
15
Q
the act of giving or taking one thing in return for another
A
exchange
16
Q
according to Marcel Mauss, _______ create relationships not only between individuals but between groups, relationships which take the form of “total prestations”
A
Gifts
17
Q
Meanings attributed to gifts (8)
A
- class
- social mobility
- matrimony
- patronage
- employment
- manufacturing processes
- issues of style
- conventions of gift-giving
18
Q
Mauss points to 3 obligations of reasons for exchange
A
- to give
- to receive
- to reciprocate
19
Q
Who said “if friends make gifts, then gifts makes friends”
A
Marcel Mauss
20
Q
why are obligations kept when gift giving is involved?
A
both sides benefit for giving and receiving
21
Q
what is the principle of reciprocity?
A
an equivalent return is expected, the creation of an unequal relationship until a return gift is made maintains the relationship
22
Q
an example of reciprocity
A
the Nuer and cattle (Relationship with and to cattle also linked to nuer understanding of religion, kinship, and economic and social structure)
23
Q
what are the 3 types of reciprocity exchanges between social equals?
A
- generalized
- balanced
- negative
24
Q
the practice of giving a gift without expecting a gift in return; creates a moral obligation
A
Generalized reciprocity
25
the practice of giving a gift with the expectation that it will be reciprocated with a similar gift after a limited period of time (ties with more distant people ex. birthday presents)
Balanced Reciprocity
26
Example of balanced reciprocity
kula ring: armband bestowing a ceremonial gift, which has to be repaid by an equivalent counter-gift after a lapse of time
27
how does hula differ from classic economic ideas of exchange
not based on need, no price mechanism, never ending, values not determined by supply and demand
28
a form of exchange between individuals who try to take advantage of each other (stealing, "taking their life")
Negative reciprocity
29
a mode of distribution in which goods and services are given by members of a group to a central authority (chief) and then distributed back to the donours
redistribution
30
an example of redistribution
potlatches
31
What is a potlatch
a form of ceremonial exchange of gifts among indigenous groups on NW coast of BC
32
the most central symbol of wealth, power and prestige was _______
copper
33
a mode of distribution in which goods and services are brought and sold, and there value is determined by the principle of supply and demand
market exchange
34
legal but unregulated exchange of goods and services that escape government control and regulation
informal market economies
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illegal markt activités such as prostitution, drug dealing, human trafficking, and racketeering
underground economy
36
what are the 5 adaptive strategies?
1. foraging
2. Horticulture
3. Pastoralism
4. Agriculture
5. Industrialism
37
a form of subsistence that relies on animal, fish, and plant resources found in the natural environment
foraging
38
when is foraging used?
small groups/tribes who are not settling in one area, no point in planting their own
39
small-scale crop cultivation characterized by the use of simple technology and the absence of irrigation and fertilizer
Horticulture
40
after a couple years when the land is no longer useful they slash and burn and move to new land to grow... is an example of what adaptive strategy?
horticulture
41
horticulture adaptions/characteristics? (5)
1. gardening towards the women
2. increase labor intensity
3. surplus of food
4. notions of private property
5. warfare (stealing crops)
42
a food-getting strategy based on animal husbandry; found in regions of. the world generally unsuited for agriculture
pastoralism
43
how do the animals in pastoral get food and water
all members of society are constantly moving with the heards during migration
44
food production that relies on technology sources of energy rather than human or animal energy
industrial agriculture
45
a form of food production that requires intensive working of the land with plows and draft animals and the use of techniques of soil and water control
intensive agriculture
46
costs of agriculture (2)
1. extremely labour extensive
| 2. risks of long term drought
47
benefits of agriculture (3)
1. long term/ more stable
2. larger, permanent populations
3. high degree of specialization
48
relationships between people based on blood or marriage
kinship
49
______ often formed the basis for the study of simple societies and groups explored in ethnographies
kinship
50
what did W.H.R. Rivers in the Torres Straight Expedition believe was the first step an anthropologist should take?
they needed to know who was related to whom, as soon as possible
51
what are the 2 types of Kinship?
Consanguineal relatives and affinal relatives
52
ones biological or blood relative
consanguineal relatives
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kinship ties formed through marriage (in-laws)
affinal relatives
54
all kinship systems are based on ________ connections
biological
55
why is Kinship important in societies? (4)
1. sets limits on sexual activity and who can marry
2. determines where we live
3. influences how children are taught and cared for
4. broadens social ties and connects different groups together
56
relationships among individuals who recognize kinship obligations even though the relationships are not based on either consanguineal or affinal ties
fictive kinship
57
what are 4 examples of fictive kinship
adoptive children, godparent-godchild, close friends referred as 'aunt', fraternities
58
how is kinship biological? and who uses biological kinship
whoever is the biological mother or father can claim the child (Canada)
59
how is kinship social? and who uses it?
eternity linked to relational time. Must nurture the child over a certain number of years to claim them (Zumbagua)
60
what are the 2 categories to classify kinship relationships?
kin types, kin terms
61
universal terms anthropologists use to refer to particular individuals in a kinship system
Kin types
62
the names cultures give to particular categories of relatives
Kin terms
63
example of kin term and kin type
term= mother, type= M
64
what are the 6 basic classification systems for kin?
1. inuit 2. Iroquois systems 3. Hawaiian 4. Omaha 5. sudanese 6. crow
65
what is a Canadian ex of classifying kin?
"aunt" = mom's sister, dad's sister, wife of mom's brother
66
the kinship system most commonly found in Canada; it is associated with bilateral descent
eskimo (inuit) system
67
what did lewis Henry Morgan do?
discovered the inuit system
68
what is the major feature of the inuit system?
it emphasizes the nuclear family by using operate terms (mother, brother, father) that are not used outside the nuclear family
69
a kinship system associated with unilineal descent in which the father and father's brother are called by the same term, as are the mother and mother's sister.
Iroquoise system
70
the person in kinship diagram from whose point of view relationships are traced
EGO
71
the __________system emphasizes the important of unilinear descent groups by distinguishing between members of ones own lineage and members of other lineages
iroquois
72
EGO's father and fathers brother are linked under the same term but not sisters brother. this is an example of what system?
iroquois
73
a persons kinship connections traced back through number of generations
decent
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2 categories of decent
unilinear and Multilinear
75
traced through either mothers line OR fathers line but not both
unilinear descent
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a form of descent in which people trace their primary kin connections through their mothers
matrilineal descent group
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a form of descent in which people trace their primary kin relationships through their fathers
patrilineal descent group
78
the majority of kinship systems are based around _______ reckonings of descent
unilineal
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a unilinear descent group whose members claim a common ancestry even though the cannot trace step by step their exact connection to that ancestor
clan
80
who are a example of clans?
scotland, first nations peoples in Canada
81
a unilinear descent group whose members can trace their line of descent back to a common ancestor
lineage
82
______ tend to be geographically dispersed in modern society - more a 'loose' social grouping, but with a strong group identity
clans
83
where is the largest patrilineal society?
China
84
15%of unilinear descent groups are reckoned through ______
and give an example of whom
matrilines
First Nations, Iroquois
85
what are the 6 characteristics of unilinear that shape people?
1. identity shaping 2. marriage regulation 3. property regulation 4. dispute settlement 5. religious deities 6. justice system
86
what are the 3 multilineal descent types?
1. Double descent
2. Ambilineal descent
3. Bilateral descent
87
a system of descent in which individuals receive some rights and obligations from the fathers side of the family and others from the mothers side
double descent
88
where is double descent found? and ex
most African groups
| ex. livestock can be inherited from both sides
89
a form of descent in which a person chooses to affiliate with a kin group through either the Male or female line
ambilineal descent
90
who and why do people use ambilineal descent
south east Asia and Hawaiians
| parents choose to affiliate their children with whichever has the most advantages
91
a type of kinship system in which individuals emphasize both their mothers kin and their fathers kin relatively equally
Bilateral
92
who uses bilateral descent
Canada
93
closely related people who are connected through both parents to 1 living relative
kindred
94
conducting oneself in a fair and throughful manner is long for
ethics
95
why do we need ethics in research?
help guard against the potential exploitation of participants, instil a high standard of professional conduct, transparency
96
what are 3 landmark studies involving anthropology ethics
1. Milgram obedience experiments
2. Laud Humphries "Tea Room Trade"
3. Stanford Prison Experiment
97
what was the milligram obedience experiment?
to see if people would knowingly hurt other persons while being pressured by a "higher" authority
98
what was the tea room trade?
observing and documenting homosexual encounters of publicly heterosexual men
99
what are the 3 codes of ethics under AAA
1. do no harm
2. be open and honest about your work
3. obtain consent
100
why is ethics important in anthropology?
the people being studied notice and can reject the study
101
the way sexes are perceived, evaluated, and expected to behave
gender
102
expected ways of behaving based on a society's definition of masculinity and femininity
gender roles
103
the gender a person identifies with among the range of culturally appropriate possibilities
gender identity
104
an example of a third gender
Hijra of India and Pakistan
105
how do Hijra earn a living?
begging, prostitutes, dancers, and bless places
106
First Nations and native american individuals who possess both masculine and feminine characteristics, and hold a respected place in their communities
two-spirit
107
why were multigendered people presumed to be people of power?
because they have both maleness and femaleness in one body, they are believed to be able to 'see; with the eyes of both men and women
108
oversimplified bugs strongly held ideas of the characteristics of men and womw=en
gender stereotypes
109
a system of thoughts and values that legitimizes sex roles, statuses and customers behaviour
gender ideology
110
an unequal distribution of rewards (socially valued resources, power, prestige, and personal freedom) between men and women, reflecting their different positions in social hierarcy
gender stratification
111
a traditional North American gender role that views males as being responsible for the economic support and protection of the family
breadwinner
112
a traditional North American gender role that views females as responsible for child rearing and domestic activities
homemaker
113
a couple ways of measuring gender stratification are.. (6)
economics, politics, religion, legal rights, education. freedom to choose marriage partner
114
what are some reason for inequity between men and women in the workplace?(5)
1. motherhood penalty
2. negotiation
3. employer bias
4. education disparities
5. over representation in lower-wage jobs
115
what is the biological argument in regards to inequity?
testosterone naturally leads men to be more aggressive and oestrogen renders women more compliant
116
is the biological argument he reason for inequity? and why
no, some societies it is the women who do the labours jobs
117
Why is the domestic/public opposition ultimately derived from women's roles as mother and rearer of children?
like breastfeeding, being pregnant, and tending children would have been to dangerous if they had been hunting with the men. ie. Having to take breaks to breast feed, or having child with them for long periods in the woods
118
with the Hagen of New Guinea:
1. pursuing socially valued goals is"______________"
2. pursuing individual family interests is "______________"
1. acting like a man
| 2. Acting like a woman
119
where is an example that women are the leaders in their community?
Six Nations Iroquois confederacy
120
when we see signs of the injustice of systems which polarize the sexes and demean women it is important to remember what?
that women are also actors in these systems
121
2 ways women often exert important political pressure:
1. influencing the public political affairs of men from behind the scenes
2. pursuing strategies of controlling labour and prestige Within the constraints of the system
