Midterm 2 Flashcards
(165 cards)
1
Q
violence
A
use of excessive physical force
has potential to cause harm or destruction
2
Q
aggression
A
verbal or physical action
grounded in an intend to dominate, control, or do harm
3
Q
intimidation
A
words, gestures, and actions that threaten violence or aggression
4
Q
why is violence in sport today an issue
A
partly because it reproduces gender ideology that priveledges men over women
5
Q
aggression and violence nowadays
A
sport is nowadays less agressive and violent
6
Q
types of on the field violence
A
brutal body contact
borderline violence
quasi-criminal violence
criminal fouls
7
Q
what is brutal body contact
A
within the rules of sport
8
Q
what is borderline violence
A
expected, but outside the rule, e.g. slidetackle
9
Q
what is quasi-criminal violence
A
violates formalrules and informal norms, e.g hit a player after play is over - career ending violence
10
Q
what are criminal fouls
A
against the law
11
Q
what causes violence as overcomformity (gleichstellung) to the sport ethic
A
coaches may violent players
media attracts media attention
players accept violence as part of the game
expressions of violence are related to masculinity
creates drama and excitement/strong emotions
12
Q
commercialization of violence
A
some athletes paid for violence
commercialization expands the visibility of violence
violence is not caused by TV and money - existed before
13
Q
what do we need to understand first, to understand violence
A
gender ideology and issues of masculinity in cultures
14
Q
what is violence grounded in
A
general cultural norms
15
Q
institutionalization of violence in non-contact sports
A
usually limited to using violent images and verbal statements
16
Q
institutionalization of violence in contact sports
A
male and female players learn to use violence as strategy
females don´t use it to proof feminity
17
Q
hwat is often the price for violence
A
pain and injuries
18
Q
what is paradox in todays sport
A
people accept violence but are concerned about injuries
19
Q
what are serious issues in some sports
A
diabling injuries
20
Q
what can cause temporary and permanent brain damage
A
concussion and repetetive sub-concussive head trauma
21
Q
why do people refuse to heed what science is saying related to contact sports
A
because of strong vested interest
22
Q
control violence
A
emphasizes non-violence teaches self control teaches respect for self and others physical fitness improvement learn to patience
23
Q
violence of male athletes against women is related to
A
collective hubris (selbstüberschätzung) and belief that outsiders don´t deserve respect
belif that women are “groupies”
institutional support of athletes regardless their actions
instituational failure to hold athletes accountable for deviance
24
Q
what sports experiences more violence among spectators
A
collsion sports
25
what factors need to be considered to control crowd violence
perceived violence on field
crowed dynamics and condition
historical, social, economic and political issues
26
what anti-violence norms help to control violence
```
visible anti-violence messages by coaches
on field rituals
regulation of alcohol consumption
make spectators aware of anti-violence
well trained law enforcement officials
```
27
what does the long-term control of violence depend on
how well anti-violence norms are established and maintained in stadium
28
what is terrorism designed for
to intimedate a target population to achieve political and social goals
29
when does terrorism most frquently occur
divided societies
| when oppressed population has an oppositional political agenda
30
what is gender ideology
ideas and beliefs used to define masculinity and feminity
| evaluate forms of sexual expression and organize social relationships
31
orthodox gender ideology
ideas and beliefs associate with this two-sex approach
32
what is gender ideolofy in many societies based on
two-category system
33
what is the two-category system
assumes two mutually exclusive categories: homosexual male and heterosexual female
presents those categories as difference/"opposite"
34
what is biological sex according to scientific disciplines manifested as
rather across traits in terms of shades of difference than in male or female terms
35
when do gender (in)equity exists
```
when sports are male dominated (ability and performances are associated with masculinity)
male identified (sports are a "male world" that emphasized values associate with men
male centered (men and men´s lives)
```
36
what does lobes say related to male and female participation in sport
female: pain and injury prize of plaing a sport
male: pain and injury are bedges
37
what inhibited the participation of females in sports historically
myths
38
what varies by the sport related to female participation
the encouragement wether sport emphasized grace or power for females
39
how are female cues important
females need to look pretty while participating in sport
40
what did gender ideology lead to through most of the 20th century
exclusion of females from sport
41
what was physical activity for females in the early 20th century based on
being lady like character
42
current IOC approach for sex testing
only for women not men
43
sex testing
a legacy of the two-sex system (either male or female)
44
what is known as the last bastion of enforced sex segregation in our society
sport organization - it is a major issue
45
Title IX
no person shall be excluded, denied or discriminated based on their gender
46
3 tests that title IX requires comliance with
proportionality test
history of progress test
accomodation of interst test
47
results of Title IX
opportunities for boys and girls have increased
| reduced # of female coaches
48
why are females underrepresented in coaching and administration positions
females are only considered for half of coaching jobs (not for men´s teams)
lack fully developed occupational network
search commitees use often orthodox gender ideologies to assess job applications
lack support system and develop opportunities that men experience
don´t want to work in male-dominated careers
experience often more sexual harassment
49
challenges of being gay or lesbian in sports
popular discourses erases gays and lesbain from sport
| less freedom than heterosexuals when experiencing sexuality
50
what challenges does being "out" create in sports
risk of social acceptance for men and women + risk of physical safety for men
51
for who are sanctions worse
men
52
what do many people support related to homosexuality in sportss
Don´t ask, don´t tell strategy
| don´t talk about gay sexuality
53
example of negative consequences of being homosexual in sports
Martina Navratilova in 1981 with 25 - lost millions of endorsment $
54
homophobia
generalized intolerance of anybody who is not classifiable as heterosexual male or female
55
why is homophobia so powerful
it affects everyone
creates fear and pressure to comform to traditionally gender definitions
silence people who don´t fit
56
intersex and transgender people in sports
have been ignored and excluded from orgganized sport
push gender boundaries
create confusion for those using orthodox ideologies
57
reactions of sport organizations to trans and intersex people
some organizations try to include trans and intersex athletes
58
examples of trans and intersex athletes
Renee Richardson - first trans, didn´t support trans sport participation
Caitlyn Jenner - decathlon
59
race
population who are bilogically distinct from other populations
60
what dies race depend on
classification system - give meaning to physical traits
| social categories
61
ethnicity
cultural heritage used to identify a population
62
ethnic population
people that are distinct from rest of society because of shared way of life or history
63
ethnic minority
population that suffers systematic discrimination
strong social togetherness due to shared experiences
minority not about #
64
what is the origin of an ideology
creating race
65
when were racial classification systems developed
when white europenas explore the globe and found people with other physical appearances
66
examples for critical theory questions about racial classification systems
```
whose classification system is used?
who uses it?
what are consequences of usage?
what strategies minimize neg. consequences
how can system be challenged?
```
67
why is race in the U.S. unique?
based on two-category classification system based on hypo-descent or "one-drop rule"
68
relationship between skin color and physical performance
no relationship at all
69
sociological hypothesis related to race and sports
racial ideology + discrimination + sport opportunities => beliefs about biological and cultural destiny + motivation to develop skill => OUTSTANDING ACHIEVEMENTS IN SPORTS
70
power of racial ideology
problems for black students to "shake off" the athlete identity - many people don´t see an honor student in a black male
choices influenced by race ideology - "belief in "black sports" and "white sports"
71
what does intersect in sports through racial ideology
race, gender and social class
72
what occured in Euro-American racial history
fear of physical powerpowerful anxiety about sexual appetites, attributes and capabilities of black men
deep fascination with the movement of the black body
73
what were consequences of Euro-American racial history
black males became entertainment
74
how did black people use sports in times of segragation
tool to earn money with entertainment
75
why did AA tolerate sterotypes
to open doors and earn money
76
how is sport a platform for identity theft
using sterotypes of native american as a base for team names, logos and mascots
77
when is bigotry and identity theft difficult to eliminate
when it is insititutionalized
78
native latinos and natural citizens participation in sports
vary by origin, heritage and generation
bridgin cultural gaps
dealing with sterotypes
79
Latin americans working as athletes in the U.S.
long history
40% in MLB
numerous cultural and social adjustment problems
80
sport participation of Asian Pacific Americans
long history
| heritage traced to at least 18 nations
81
what does sport participation pattern of Asian Pacific Americans depend on
the immigration history
82
relationship between Americans and Asians
many Asians are seen as foreign even when they are born in the U.S.
83
3 primary expressions of racism in sports
direct racism - fans insulting players with bigoted slurs
indirect racism - chants or banners, promoting brigoted political agendas
racism on the field - negative comments made by and to athletes, coaches, and refs
84
dynamics of racial and ethnic relations in sports
remain significant
today´s challenges different to the ones in the past
issues don´t dissappear when desegregation occurs
challenges dealing with intergroup relations never dissappear
diversity brings vitality to sport
85
racial diversity in positions of power in sports
power is not shared even if participation is mixed
| movement of minorities into coaching and administration is slow
86
what do changes regarding racial diversity in positions of power require?
direct and regular confrontation
new vocab. do deal with new forms of racial and ethnic diversity
trainings session for management and players
87
social class
categories of people who share an economic position
88
social stratification
structured forms of economic inequalities in org`s everyday life
inequalities influence life changes
89
class relations
```
way that social class is integrated into org´s everday life
affects most people in U.S.
```
90
class ideology
ideas and beliefs to: understand economic ineuqualities, identify class position, evaluate impact of economic inequalities on org.
91
what is class ideology in the U.S. based on
American Dream
| belief in meritocracy
92
American Dream
vision of boundless opportunities to succeed economically
93
belief in meritocracy
form of social org. that rewards go to people who earn them due to their abilities and qualifications
94
wealth distribution in the U.S.
top 10% own 90% of wealth
95
what are organizations and purpose of sports influenced by
money and economic power
96
what is class relations in the U.S based on
ideology in which economic success is equated with individual ability, worth and characte
97
what does sport illustrated´s "Power 50" represent
50 most powerful people in sports
98
what does Antonio Gramsci say related to sports and other forms of entertainment
```
they are vehicles establishing ideological outposts in the minds of people
those transport messages, representing class ideology that legitimizes current form of class inequality
```
99
why do global organizations spend billions of $ to be primary sports and entertainment providers
sports are vehicles to develop ideological outposts
| corporate spokesperson use stage to deliver different messages
100
relation of social class and sport participation
big influence in who plays, watches, and consumes information about sports as well as the info available
the higher the social class -> greater involvement and influence
101
upper-middle income households and sport participation
resources and safe places are available
| many choices
102
sport participation in low income neighborhoods
lack of decent out - and indoor facilities
103
what are sport venues often used for
sites to transfer public money to wealthy individuals and private corporations
104
how are sport venues used for transferring public money
use of sales taxes for constraction of facilities (controlled by owners)
discount (nachlassen) property tax for sport facilites areound stadiums
tax deduction by business purpose purchased tickets
105
location of fans in stdium
often segregated by social class
106
relationship between sport facilities and jobs
creation of jobs
less compared to other, cheaper facilities
often seasonal and low paid
net increase in jobs is small
107
who face often the greatests constraints participating in sports
women from low income households
108
where od gender related factors have a greater impact in sport participation
in low income households
109
why do many low income minority men participate in boxing
alternatives to violence on the streets
| refuge from violence, hopelessness and indiguity created by racism and poverty
110
effect of cuts in publicity funded sport programs
affects disproportionally people with few economic resources
111
increase of ticket prices with new facilities
about 30%
112
history of ticket prices
increased 3x from 1991 to 2012
| driven up by corporations that can deduct from their income taxes a portion of the price
113
sport as a way out of poverty
very low chances
| many pro athletes make less than U.S. teachers
114
careers for women in sports
existed in tennis and golf
in other sports, jobs exist but produce little revenue and are insecure
other opportunities remain limitted by traditional gender ideology
115
what is ability influenced by
ideologies
116
ableist ideology
ideas and beliefs to identify people as physical or intelectual disable
117
what does ableist ideology justify
treating disable people inferior
| organize social worlds without taking them into account
118
what are issues with able non-disabled and disabled
which impairements count
who makes the decision
what does it mean to diable a person
119
what is ableist ideology related to
ageism
120
ageism
perspective that favors one age group over another
121
what does ageism justify
discrimination against age groups that are incapable of participation in mainstream activities
122
ableism
perspective in which label of disablitiy = mark of inferior
| person is assumed to be incapable of full participation in mainstream activities
123
when does an impairement turn into a diability
based on a definition
| when social environement contains barriers that converts impairement into limitation
124
what do ideas and believes about age depent on
culture, situation and time
125
what are ideas and believes about health in a meritocracy linked to
health and ability
| active and cognitive capable -> considered to be young
126
how do barriers to physical activity among older people begin to fade
as older people receive media coverage
127
why may older people in meritocracies be excluded
due to assumption they don´t contribute to society
128
what happens when people live longer
ideas and cultural expectations about age and ageing change
129
what does age, physical acivity and health influence
politics related to service and medical care
130
ageing and sport participation
increases in older adults when ideas about agein become more open
baby boom generation have higer expecetation for their ohysical lives
131
who does the media image of active older people focus on
upper middle class lifestyle
132
meanign of ability
medical vs. social model of disability
133
medical model of disbility
impairement is the problem
| can be treated
134
social model of disability
world that makes the problem (ramps, elevators...)
135
segregation of people with impairements in some social worlds
fosters even more marginalization and segregation as people use a vocabulary of exclusion
136
problem for many people living in the empire of normal with visible impairements
need to give repeatedly responses about their impairements
137
how does defininf in term of an impairement can be disabling
highlights limitation and creates loneliness
138
what helps people with impairements often
role models
139
Images and narratives in media coverage of disability sport
is constructed around specific themes and messages
140
categories media coverage for athletes with disability often fits into
```
patronizing
curiosity
tragedy
inspiration
mystification
pity
surprise
```
141
irony with athletes with disabilities and media coverage
when athletes challenge stereotypes about disabilities, media converts them into OTHERS, such as the “heroic supercrip” and the “courageous victim”
142
in what kind of culture do women with disabilites face disadvantages
where femininity and heterosexual attractiveness are valued
143
in what kind of culture do men with disabilites face disadvantages
where manhood is constructed through narratives of conquest and domination
144
why do some people with disabilites avoid playing sports
scared of being identiefied as "subnormal"
145
barrier to sport participation for people with disabilities
lack of encouragement
lack of accessible gyms and facilities
lack of family recourses
lack of schedules programs
shortage in expertise in creating opportunities
overportective family members
scarcity of institutionalized sources of year around information to participation
146
what does the American with Disability Act say
youth sport programs open to the public cannot exclude children unless: threats to the health and safety of able-bodied participation exists
if accommodation that alter or cause “undue burden” to a program are required
147
problem with the American with Disability Act
most organized youth sports today are not organized to make children with (dis)abilities feel welcome or valued
148
what sports is often related to disabling injuries
where risks, pain and injuries have been normalized
149
what did commercialization of sports lead to
pressure for more dangerous moves, tricks, stunts and action
150
problem athletes with disabling injuries struggle with
negotiate the transition from their former active selves to being a person with a serious physical impairments
151
paralympics
sports for people with physical impairments
152
issues between IOC and IPC
IOC does not want to share resources, publicity, media coverage, or sponsors
153
what does the process of exclusion and inclusion involve
formally and informally power relations
154
what does exclusion cause over time
expectation for inclusion fades
resignation and political impotence
further loss of opportunities
155
what does social inclusion involve
investments and strategies
show value, respect and contribution to memebers of a group
proactive developmental approach
recognition of reality
156
new guidelines for inclusion
mandate that “students with disabilities have an equal opportunity to benefit from the life lessons they can learn on the playing field"
157
what does disibility sport serve as
context for normalizing bodies with impairments
158
internal challenges of the Paralympics
create fair competition
commercial success
assign athletes to correct competition category
159
gender equity issues in the paralympics
elimintating inequity in participation opportunities
establishing legal definition of equity
providing equal support
achieving equity in coaching and administration
160
special olympics
sport for people with intellectual impairments
161
what happens if athletes use tech to adapt to physical challenges
they blur the line between body and machine
162
controversial about prosthetic technologies
people with imapirement see prosthetics as means to improve their lives
people in mainstreamsports see prosthetics as threat to meaning of sport
163
transhumanism
using tech to making people better than normal
164
why does social class has a major impact on people with disabilities
unemployment rate 3x higher
3x more likely to live in low income households
less likely to have access to transportation
165
current trends in sports for people with disabilities
more people disabled by war, lack of med care, and poverty
increased recognition that people with desire to play sports and have a right to expect opportunities
use of sport as therapy
more sports for elite athletes with disablities
new, but expensive tech for sport participation
more visible examples of sports for elite athletes with disabilities
