Midterm 3 Flashcards
(155 cards)
1
Q
condition for emergence and growth of commercial sports
A
market economy large populated cities standard of living large amount of capital culture emphasizing consumption and material status
2
Q
how does the standard of living grow commercial sports
A
it provides people with time, money, transportation, and media access ->we spend a lot of money for something that we actually don’t need
3
Q
what influences what sports are commercialized
A
preferences and priorities of people with power and wealth
4
Q
why are commercial sports so popular in society today
A
search for excitement
it fits with social ideologies
widespread organized
widespread media coverage
5
Q
economic motives and globalization of commercial sports
A
sport organizations look for global market
corporations use sport as vehicle for global expansion (increase profit)
6
Q
ideological outposts in action
A
branding sports
7
Q
examples for ideological outposts
A
sports places are branded
sport events are branded
athletes are branded
8
Q
what is sport used as in terms of ideological outposts
A
delivery site to establish ideologies in consumer´s mind
9
Q
what does spectator appeal in sports depend on
A
attachement to participants
uncertainty of an events outcome
risks or rewards associated with an event
anticipated displays of excellence, heroics, or dramatic action
10
Q
where are changes recognizable when sport is commercialized
A
structure and goal
orientation of athlete, coaches and sponsors
people and orientation that control sports
11
Q
how does commercial sports form entertainment
A
commercial entertaining depends on attracting a mass audience
Members of a mass audience lack technical knowledge about sport
Entertaining people without technical knowledge requires heroic action - not about techniqual aspect
12
Q
what are outposts
A
sources where we receive ideologies from
13
Q
examples for outposts
A
media friends family culture religion politics sports
14
Q
when do ideologies become a problem
A
when we use them to oppress people
15
Q
why do rule changes occur
A
to make actions more exciting, understandable, and profitable
16
Q
what are changes
A
structures and goals
17
Q
whar can rule changes lead to
A
speeding up of action increasing score and scoring chance balancing competition maximizing dramatic moments increase attachment to players and teams commercial breaks
18
Q
control in sport organizations with commercialization
A
shifts away from athletes
19
Q
due to commercialization, who has more control in sport organizations
A
owners, corporate sponsors, advertisers, media personnel, marketing and publicity staff, professional management staff, accounts, and agents
20
Q
why do athletes listen to new positions in power
A
because financial interests are at sake
21
Q
when do team owners usually make money
A
when they are allowed to operate as monopolies and monopsonies
22
Q
what does a monopoly enable team owner´s to do
A
share revenue
negotiate high media right fees
prevent the formation of new teams
23
Q
what does a monopsony enable team owner´s to do
A
draft new players to one team only
control the careers of athletes
minimize biidding for athletes´ contracts
24
Q
how do team owner´s benefit from public assitance (welfare)
A
public money to construct facilities
federal tax deduction
tax breaks, rebates and special opportunities by cities or states for development around stadium
cities build stadia -> owner´s receive revenue created by it
25
what are arguments for stadium subsidies
creation of jobs
infuses money into local economy
attracts other businesses
attracts media attention - boost tourism and economic development
creates positive psychic and social benefit
26
what are arguments against stadium subsidies
jobs are low-paid, part-time and seasonal
construction company and materials come often from outside the area
new business are often franchises headquartered in other cities
entertainment dollars are moved
men´s sport teams reaffirm
27
what are sources of income for team owners
ticket sales
media rights
stadium revenue
licensing fees and merchandise
28
what does stadium revenue include
leases on club seats and luxury boxes
concessions/parking
sale of naming rights and site ads
special events
29
how are amateur sports funded
self-funded
dependent on corporate sponsors
funded through a central government sports authority
30
what are organizations that control amateur sports interested in
power over athletes
| money generated
31
legal status of athletes in individual sports
vary from athlete to athlete and sport to sport
| depends on what athletes must do to support their training and competition
32
what might a individual athlete´s status be protected by
professional associtions formed by athletes
33
relation between income and team sport athletes
majority does make a limited income
34
why has the income among top athletes increased
legal status and rights have improved
| league revenues have increased
35
primary issues in CBA negotiations
% of league revenue that must be allocated to player´s salary and benefits
36
lockouts
work stoppage that suspends all games and practices until the dipute is resolved and CBA is revised to owner´s and player´s satisfaction
37
strikes
work stoppage in which employee refuse to work until a lobor dispute is resolved and players agree to sign CBA
38
income for individual athletes
many athletes don´t make enough to pay training and expenses
| increasing disparties between top money makers and others
39
which individual athletes made traditionally the most money
heavyweight boxers
40
who does the right of amateur athletes depend on
governing bodies that control sports
41
what does income of amateur athletes depend on
rules of governing bodies
| endorsements that vary with celebrity status and corporate interst
42
when do we use media images and narratives
to evaluate ourselves,
give meaning to other people and events
form ideas
envision the future
43
print media
words and images on paper
44
electronic media
words, comments and images transmotted by audio and video devices and techologies
45
what does media provide
information
interpretation
entertainment
opportunities for interactivity
46
who edits and represents media content
those who control media organizations
47
on which goals are editing decisions based on
```
making profit
influencing cultural values
providing a public service
improve personal status and reputation
expressing self
```
48
what do those who control media content do
design a framework that media consumers use to incorporate sports in their lives
49
what is audience seen as by those who control media content
a group than can be sold to advertisers
50
who sponsors sport programming in meda
99% sponsored by capitalist corporations
51
characteristics of new media
extend and change our connection with the world
not limited to sequential programming
enable us to be "editors"
give potential to create sport realities and experiences as spectators and virtual athletes
52
key aspects of sport simulating video games
gamers commit time to play
create own narratives and stories
social relations are formed
involves a diverse range of experiences, feeling,and interpretations
provide differend experiences than consuming TV sports
53
relation between sports and sport simulating video games
graphics nearly match reality
use of filters to make real image look like a video game
athletes use video games to train
children introduced to sports through video games
54
why did media probably not corrupt sports?
sports are not primarily shaped by media
| media do not operate in a political and economic vacuum
55
do media depend on sport
most not
daily newspaper do
many TV companies do to fill programming schedule and attract male viewers + sponsors
56
trends in televised sports
fees increased since 1960
programming has increased
ratings for particular events have decreased
TV companies promote other programs at sport events
57
sport media relationship
strong for commerial sports
other sports uncovered
business based
promtion of lifestyles
58
what has effects on what sports we see or don´t see on TV
the fact that a few global media companies control most of the media representations
59
what do corporations that sell alcohol tobacco and unhealthy food use sport for
to product in connection with healthy activities
60
what are alternatives to sponsoring events
signage people, equipment and facilities
61
who makes decisions in large media companies
male executives who love sports
62
issues in many media companies
competition, domination and achievement from sports exists in comapnies too
63
issue with media and disablity sport coverage
usuallly fits in patronizing, curiosity, tragedy, inspiration, mystification, pity, surprise category
64
irony about diabilty sports and media coverage
when athletes try to challenge sterotypes, media coverage creates "heroic supercits" and "courageous victims"
65
themes and messges what media coverage is based on
success
consumption
gender
race/ethnicity/nationality
66
success in media coverage
emphasis on winners, losers and final scores, big plays, hits, sacrificing self for team success
67
examples for consumption in media coverage
this game is brought to u by
| the ... half time show
68
gender in media
masculinity rules in media sports (nearly 6:1)
heterosexuality is assumed
homosexuality ignored
challenge ideas of feminity
media organizations male dominated/identified/centered
69
sport coverage and race/ethnicity/gender
images and narratives based on racial ideology
stereotypes rare today
coverage pretends that race and ethnicity don´t exist
70
when is nationality often a focus in media
during international events
71
when may subtle stereotypes in sport media occur
in narratives about nationality
72
what is watching TV sports integrate to
social relationships and networks
73
for who does a link between consuming media sports and active sport participation exists
only who is already strongly committed to participation in sports
74
relation between consuming media sports and attending sport events
positively linked at elite events
| may decrease attendance at less elite events
75
relation between consuming media sports and betting on sports
internet provides access opportunities
| betting creates interest in sports but creates threat to fix events
76
differences in sport journalists
some focus on entertainment, some on infomation
77
when does the work of sport journalists matter
when it comes to cultural ideologies and public consciousness
78
what creates tensions between players and sportswriters
differences in their salaries and backgrounds
79
what has become more important for sports journalism
ethical issues
80
sport media coverage in newspapers/magazine coverage
```
information and interpretation
previews and summaries
written representations of events
success depends on credibility
highlights facts and dominant ideologies
may criticize sport personalities
```
81
sport coverage in radio/TV
primarily entertainment
offers play by play
provides real time representation of ebents
success depends on hype and visual action
highlights heroic plays and dominant ideologies
supports sport personalities
82
what are politics
processes of organizing social power
making decision that affect people in social worlds
determine who has power
83
what are governments
formal organizations with power to make rules
84
what is power
ability to influence people and achieve goals
85
what is authority
form of power that comes with legitimate status or office in a government
established set of relations
86
what are reasons for connection between government and sports
safeguard the public order
insurance fairness and protect human rights
maintain health and fitness
promote prestige and power
promote a sense of identity, belonging and unity amoing citizens
reproduce values consistens with dominant ideologies
increase support for political leaders
promote economic development
87
what does government make rules about to safeguard public order
```
what sports are legal
how sports should be organized
who ahs the right to play
where sports may be played
who can use public facilities
```
88
what do governments do to protect insurance fairness and protect human rights
intervene when citizens are systematically excluded or subjected to discrimination
89
examples of government action to protect fairness and human rights
title IX
90
what was past government support based on to maintain health and fitness
playing sports improves fitness
fitness improves health
good health reduces medical costs
91
what is recent government support based on to maintain health and fitness
illness is related to environmental factors
competetive sports have few benefits for productivity
Concerns about sport performance may increase athletes’ demands for health care
92
what is government support based on to promote prestige and power
success in sports provides recognition and status for sponsoring governemnt
93
example for promotion of power and prestige in sports
Olympic Games - hosts spend millions to gain international recognition and respect
94
when do governments use sport to promote identity and unity
when change is rapid and widespread in society
95
issues with sport based unity
its temporary and superficial
| sports do not change realities of inequality
96
what idea regarding success may sport promote
success is based on discipline, loyalty, determination and fortitude
97
what are sports in antions with market economices linked to
competition and individualism
98
when does value promotion through sports not work
when governments lack legitimacy
99
what do most leader use sports for
to boost their legitimacy
| governments fund sports to gain support of citizens
100
why do governments use public funding to bid on major events
goal to benefit the entire city by bringing new recources
101
examples of promotion of economic development through sport
governments using sport venue as centerpiece for new housing or business project
governments use sport events to host people that would invest in projects
102
ideal of international sports
open communication lines
| highlights shared interest
103
arguments for interscholastic sports
```
involve interest in activity and school
build self-esteem
enahnce fitness - lifetime participation
promote support
develop and reward values skills
```
104
arguments against interscholastic sports
```
distract attention from school
create comformity
too many injuries and spectators
waste recources
create pressure
```
105
what are differences in experiences of high school kids due
participating in varsity teams or not
| selection-in, filtering-out and in-season control
106
what does the impact of sports participation depend on
the meainings given to it
107
being a student athlete
is a source of status and popularity
108
when are interscholastic sports most likely to be positive learning experiences
when they allow students to be noticed, rewarded and taken seriously
when they connect young people with adults
when they are linked to in-sports situations
109
what do intercollegiate sports vary by
divisions
type of program and team
cultures in team
importance of sports in community/campus
110
characteristics of big-time D1 schools
```
emphasizes football or basketball
revenues can be high
scholarships given
extensive travelling
high quality of competition
```
111
relation between collegiate athletics and revenue
few teams or athletic departments make more money they spend
112
athletes in big time programs
often on scholarship
high energy and time commitment
academics as strategic model
113
why must information on grades amongst college athletes be qualified
Athletes often are overrepresented in certain courses and majors
Athletes often enter college with lower grades and standardized test scores
114
graduation rates amongs big-time athletes
often shamefully low
females higher than males
black athletes higher than black students but lower than white athletes
115
issue with some academic support programs for athletes
focus more on eligibility than on learning
| adminstered by athletic departmnets not be faculty
116
reforms in big time programs
set new guidelines
| provide more support for athletes
117
what can happen to sports in the future
can be reinvented, redefined and carged
118
what will the meaning, purpose and organization of sport be based on in the future
collective decisions and actions of human beings
119
models of thinking about sports and the future
power and performance sports
| pleasure and participation sports
120
power and performance sports
dominant in immediate future
corporate sponsors give priority to these sports
create more spectator than participants
121
why are dominant sports going to be immediate
because they reaffirm doinant ideologies
122
pleasure and participation sports
will grow when connection is over confrontation and domination
123
when will corporate sponsors start supporting pleasure and participation sports int he future
when people question dominant ideologies
124
what factors support the growth of pleasure and particiation sports
concerns about health and fitness
participation preference of older people
women´s values and experiences
groups seeking alternative sports
125
what institude offers combined elements of power and doimination and pleassure and participation
college club sports
126
what are often realities in international sports
often used to foster self-interst over international peace
| ethnocentrism and nationalism have often been promoted
127
who do conditions and events in international sports favor
interests of powerful nations
128
what does the participation of poorer nations in global events usually depend on
assistance from wealthy nations
| sport can be used to gain control over popular culture
129
what does the olympic idealsm describe
seek to create a way of llife based in the joy found in effort
130
what does interscholastic sports often negatively create
dominant ideologies related to gender, social class, and race/ethnicity
131
new rules for D1 schools
academic progess rate
| graduation success rate
132
what strategies do high schools use to face budget problems
assess sport participation fees
depend on support from booster clubs
seek corporate sponsorship
133
what may force schools to drop certain sports
injuries and increasing costs for protective equipment/insurances
134
money spend on big-time colleges
increased 4 x faster than academic budget
no effect on academic qualities
no increase in alumni donations
no improve in game record
create wealthy gab between athletic departments
135
primary issues causing uncertainties in interscholastic athletics
```
budget inequality and costs
injuries
educational irrelevance
gender inequity
opportunities for students with disabilities
```
136
educational (ir)relevance
the assumption
| tension between core mission of uni and commercial values of sport
137
gender inequity and interscholastic sports
most schools never experienced it
| women underrepresented in leadership positions
138
what do U.S. Department of Education guidelines require schools to
take sport participation of students with disabilities seriously
139
issues in college sport programs
scandals and rule violations
likeness lawsuit
pay for players
disorted racial and ethnic priorities
140
sport for people with disabilities
increase in disabled people by war, lack of med care
| increase in recognition that people with disabilities desire to play sports
141
technology to support people with disabilities
new tech facilitates sport participation
142
what is miracle league and field grounded in
idealism
| increase opportunities for young peole with disabilities
143
what is conservativ goal: growth based on
belief that sports should expand and become more efficient in current form
Emphasizes management issues and improving performance
144
what is reformist goal: improvement based on
belief that sports are positive and participation opportunities should be increased
Emphasizes social inclusion, equity, and fairness
145
what is radical goal: transformation based on
belief that dominant sports are flawed and must be reorganized
Emphasizes a critical approach along with structural and ideological changes
146
what does it requir to be an effective agent of changing sports
Visions of what sports and social life could and should be like
Willingness to work hard on the strategies needed to turn visions into realities
Political abilities to rally the resources that make strategies effective
147
what do cultural theories explain
how people use power to maintain sports
148
what does changing goals in relation to cultural theories require
changing symbols, vacabularies, beliefs, and ideologies
| Empowering people to create sports on their own terms
149
what do interactionist theories explain
people often resist reformist and radical changes
150
what are goals of interactionst theories
reform and transformation (when combined with cultural theories)
151
what does changing sports in interactionist theories require
Changing socialization processes, identities, and priorities
| Developing alliances with people in sports
152
what can goals of structural theories be
conservative, reformist, or transformational
153
what do structural theories explain
social worlds are organized around values and interests and that changing sports has implications for overall patterns of organization
154
what does changing sports as a structural theory require
Changes in relationships of organization
| fairer distribution of resources and access to power and economic opportunities
155
why do athletes focus predominantly on conservative goals
they have celebrity and market status, but little real power to reform or transform sports or society.
