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Physics 106 > Midterm #2 > Flashcards

Midterm #2 Flashcards

A (94 cards)

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1
Q

Maxwell’s equations led to the prediction that ____

A

changing electric fields causes magnetism

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2
Q

How do electromagnetic waves travel?

A

Perpendicular to the direction they are traveling in. Transverse waves.

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3
Q

Every accelerated charge _____

A

radiates light

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4
Q

any electromagnetic wave produced by currents in wires is classified as a ____ wave

A

radio

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5
Q

infared light

A

produced by thermal motion and vibration/rotation of atoms. Heat lamps, night vision, heat tracking

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6
Q

Visible light

A

electronic transitions in atoms from one energy level to another

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7
Q

ultraviolet

A

also electronic energy transitions

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8
Q

X rays

A

high voltage discharges, occur when an electron drops to fill a vacancy in a lower orbital level. Medical diagnosis, airport security, cancer treatment

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9
Q

Gamma

A

nuclear origin. Cancer treatment, treat foods to prevent spoilage

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10
Q

Radio

A

produced by AC currents in wires, used for telecommunication, MRI. Can bend around obstacles easily because of their long wavelength

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11
Q

Microwaves

A

produced by LC circuits, grid on microwave door is smaller than the typical microwave

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12
Q

visible light range

A

390 to 700 (Red to Violet)

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13
Q

UV Rays uses

A

sterilize equipment, analytical tool, stimulate vitamin D production

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14
Q

Energy carried by a wave is proportional to

A

amplitude (or acceleration?) squared

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15
Q

Light travels in 3 ways

A

directly from source through empty space
through various media
reflected from a mirror

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16
Q

WHy does a windshield freeze before the windows?

A

objects on the side of the streets reflect heat back towards the windows, nothing is reflecting back on the windshield to warm it up

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17
Q

angles of reflection and incidence are measured from

A

the perpendicular line to the surface

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18
Q

diffuse reflection

A

light is diffused when it reflects from a rough surface

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19
Q

specular reflection

A

reflection off a smooth surface

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20
Q

Why can we see two fish at once in the corner of an aquarium?

A

light bends two different ways from the fish through the water and glass to your eyes

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21
Q

critical angle

A

incident angle that produces angle of refraction of 90 degrees

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22
Q

Total internal reflection

A

if the incident angle in the first medium is greater than the critical angle, all light is reflected back into the first medium. Fiber optics uses this because light doesn’t lose its amplitude.

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23
Q

Dispersion

A

spreading of white light into its full spectrum of wavelengths

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24
Q

rainbows

A

combo of refraction and reflection disperse sunlight into a continuous distribution of colors. Each water droplet produces cones of light. Inside is white light, rim disperses white light into colors

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25
Virtual image
image on the same side of the lens as the object that can't be projected onto a screen
26
ray tracing
from top of object draw a line parallel to the normal line draw one through the center of the lens and one that comes out parallel after being refracted. Where they meet is the image! after tracing, if the image will either be upright, reduced, and virtual or inverted, magnified, real, or upright, magnified, virtual.
27
convex mirror only forms ___
virtual images
28
converging mirrors and lenses have a ____ focal length
positive
29
di is ____ for real images and ____ for virtual ones
positive, negative
30
Eye produces a ____ image on the retina
real
31
accomodation
adjustment of the focal length and power of the eye to create a real, clear image
32
eye has greatest power at ____ vision and least at ____ vision
close, far
33
Presbyopia
loss of the ability to accomodate eye
34
blind spot at
optic nerve
35
why do objects that are farther away look smaller?
they come into the eye at a smaller angle, so the eye perceives them as being smaller objects.
36
myopia
nearsighted, lens is too powerful or eye is too long
37
hyperopia
farsighted, lens is too weak or eye is too short
38
far point
distance to the farthest object that can be seen clearly
39
4 types of light receptors
1 rods, 3 cones
40
rods use
night vision, peripheral vision, motion changes
41
cones
central vision and color
42
hues of color
mixtures of wavelengths
43
color vision theory
one cone for red, yellow, blue, all hues a mix of those three
44
color of a lightsource is due to the ____ it produces
wavelength
45
microscopes
image formed by first lens in object for the second | magnification is the magnification of the individual lenses multiplied
46
when do interference and diffraction occur?
when the wavelength is comparable in size or larger than the structure its interacting with
47
Huygens principle
every point on a wavefront is composed of a wavelet, new wavefront= tangent to all the wavelets explains what happens when waves go through a slit
48
correlation between wavelength and diffraction ability
larger wavelength= larger diffraction ability
49
Why does interference happen?
paths from each slit to a common point on the screen differ, so they interfere
50
What determines how far apart spots are on the double slit interference pattern?
Larger wavelength=farther apart | there are a limited # of possible interferences
51
diffraction grating
collection of evenly spaces parallel slits that produces an interference pattern similar to, but sharper than a double slit
52
constructive interference double slit formua
dsin0=my
53
single slit diffraction
broad central maximum with narrower and dimmer maxima to the sides. NO M=0
54
destructive interference single slit diffraction
Dsin0=my | D= width of slit
55
why does light diffract through a single slit?
it goes through in all possible directions so it interferes with itself
56
Rayleigh criterion
minimum sepparation between two light sources tha tmay be resolved into distinct light sources
57
Why can't we perceive two headlights when a car is far away?
diffraction pattern of one is directly over the first minimum of the other, makes one light.
58
Resolvig power of our eyes ____ in the dark because _____
grows, our pupils get wider. According to Rayleighs criterion, larger D.
59
direction of polarization
parallel to the electric field of the EM wave
60
electric and magnetic fields of EM radiation are _____ to the direction of propogation
perpendicular
61
Special relativity
unaccelerated motion at the speed of light
62
inertial frame of referenceq
reference frame in which a body remains at rest and a body in motion moves at a constant speed in straight line One in which newtons laws hold- object in rest remains at rest. One in motion remains in motion unless otherwise acted upon
63
two postulates of relativity
all laws of physics are the same and can be stated in their simplest forms in any inertial frame of reference c is constant, independent of the relative motion of the source
64
Proper time
time measured by an observer at rest relative to the event being observed
65
proper length
length measured by observer who is at rest relative to both of the points
66
observer on earth sees a ____ spaceship
shortened
67
astronaut sees ____ earth and ____
shortened earth and shortened stars
68
observed wavelength gets _____ if object is moving toward observer. Gets ____ if moving away
shorter, longer | Turns red, turns blue
69
relativistic conservation of energy
conserved if you define it to include the possibility of mass changing into energy
70
mass= energy, so...
as energy is stored in an object, its mass increases. Can be destroyed to release energy
71
Why isn't it possible for an object with mass to travel at the speed of light?
would require an infinite amount of work
72
correspondence principle
Quantum Mechanics makes same predictions as classical mechanics
73
Classical physics only applies when objects are
large, slow, and warm
74
evidence for quantization
blackbody radiation, atomic spectra
75
blackbody radiation
all objects above absolute zero emit EM radiation. As the intensity increases it does so with temperature. The hotter the object the more towards violet light it will shift.
76
Photoelectric effect
If you shine light of certain colors on metals you can eject electrons from the surface of the metal and create current. Magnitude of the current dependent on the frequency of the light. Electrons are only emitted when light has more energy than a specific threshold.
77
De Broglie Wavelength
all particles of matter also have a wavelength. Matter has the same interference characteristics as any other wave. Wavelength behavior becomes pronounced when it is similar in size to objects. Matter gives such a small wavelength you don't notice.
78
heisenburg uncertainty principle
can't know the position and momentum of an electron at the same time. Energy and time either.
79
Constructive interference
high probability of finding particle there
80
Constructive interference
high probability of finding particle there
81
brownian motion
evidence for atoms. Random motion of small particles in a fluid.
82
cathode ray experiment
discovery of electron
83
oil drop experiment
electron charge and mass
84
gold foil experiment
positively charged nucleus
85
rutherfords planetary model
Problems: accelerating charges emit EM radiation, which carries energy away and would cause e to spin into nucleus. Doesn't explain atomic spectra
86
Bohr model
changed the orbits to be discrete quantified energy levels. Electrons can absorb or give off energy to move levels. Atomic spectra represent the orbital jump
87
smaller wavelength leads to ______ revolution
smaller
88
flourescence
atom is excited, gives off energy as it comes back town.
89
metastable state
stable state above the ground state where electrons settle and give off light. How lasers continuously emit light.
90
Zeeman effect
what appears as a single line on atomic spectra can be split by a magnetic field. SHows direction of electrons angular momentum. ALl spectral lines are doublets, showing that an orbital can only house two electrons with opposite spins
91
n
energy level
92
l
angular momentum
93
ml
angular momentum projection
94
ms
spin

Physics 106 (3 decks)

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