Midterm 2 (Ch. 9-12) Lecture Flashcards
1
Q
What does the functionalist perspective view inequality as?
A
A meritocratic model of class stratification
2
Q
How does the health of the poor compare to the wealth of the wealthy?
A
The poor have worse health, die younger, and have worse survival rates
3
Q
Attitudinal dimension of race/ethnic inequality
A
Prejudice and stereotypes
4
Q
4 ways to test race/ethnic inequality
A
- survey research and large scale data
- racial testing and audits
- network analyses
- qualitative data and experiments
5
Q
What is the functionalist view of gender?
A
See traditional gender and gender roles as providing and establishing stability and predictability as well as ensuring a functional division of labor. Men and women have different roles and both are important
6
Q
What percent of urban dwellers in developing countries live in slums (no adequate plumbing or electric)?
A
40%
7
Q
How are gender roles and expectations learned?
A
Via socialization, both early on and throughout life from family, media, education, etc
8
Q
Group diffs exist and it is okay
A
Pluralism
9
Q
This attribute of social stratification deals with society trying to make it seem okay and fair. It involves giving explanations for why the poor are poor, etc.
A
Belief systems in society usually try to justify it
10
Q
How is race socially constructed?
A
Small variations in observable physical characteristics are granted importance by society with humans categorized into distinct subgroups despite little to no evidence of significant genetic, bio, intelligence diffs
11
Q
What is one way Davis and Moore viewed societal sifting and sorting occurring?
A
Education. Placing kids in gifted, standardized tests, etc
12
Q
Discrimination that is face to face
A
Interactional
13
Q
How are surveys and large scale data used to study race/ethnic inequality?
A
Index of dissimilarity = 0-1 to see how segregated something is
Mobility data
Hate data
Etc.
14
Q
Functionalist approach to race/ethnic inequality
A
Mostly concerned with tension/balance in society. The system will work itself out
Contact–>some conflict–>assimilation/amalgamation/pluralism
15
Q
Internal/subjective identification. Relative to male, female, or one of a variety of other designations (trans, gender fluid, non-binary, gender-queer, etc)
A
Gender identity
16
Q
What were historic costs of gender inequality (those who deviate from binary)?
A
They were deemed mentally ill
17
Q
How has gender not always looked the same?
A
Changes in gender roles/assumptions over time and current generational shift in attitudes regarding gender fluidity and attitudes regarding LGBTQ+
18
Q
How do structural factors regarding social class and structural mobility determine where you will land and how you can move?
A
Time and place influence this. Ex: being born in a bad economy hurts your chances of moving
19
Q
What are the 5 reasons for why it is important to focus on social stratification?
A
- Where one falls shapes ones life in fundamental ways
- Can motivate or demoralize people
- Can create societal crises/conflicts
- Can have quite devastating consequences for human lives
- Shapes our identities and affiliations
20
Q
How is wealth inequality changing and why?
A
It is increasing bc the large majority of the population has no wealth and the top is gaining more wealth
21
Q
How is gender sociologically explained?
A
Gender is socially constructed. We are all biologically similar so gender differences arise due to behavioral differences learned via socialization and reified and magnified by cultural and institutional structures and processes
22
Q
Conflict theory about global inequality that states the upper class countries keep relationships with lower class countries uneven
A
Wallerstein’s World System Theory Model
23
Q
A process of increasing interconnectedness especially in terms of economics, politics, and culture
A
Globalization
24
Q
4 parts of conflict theory on race/ethnic inequality that are important
A
- initial contact with majority (voluntary vs involuntary)
- institutional treatment (severity, duration, formality of exclusion and pervasiveness of prejudice)
- size of group and perceptions fo threat (tipping points)
- use of minorities as scapegoats (during tougher Econ times) and use of a divide/conquer strategy by upper class actors
25
Fighting to preserve higher status and/or impressions of higher status. Inc stress
The downwardly mobile
26
This attribute of social stratification provides a macro view about social stratification being a system of society people are placed in and it has consequences for individuals and groups
It is a trait of society
27
This attribute of social stratification deals with it being hard to change on only changing little bits over time
It persists over generations
28
The minority group
Intrargroup
29
This helps to form/shape peoples identities
Social class
30
This inequality tends to reproduce class inequality
Institutional inequality
31
How can social stratification shape our identities and affiliations?
Where we fall in a social hierarchy shapes many different aspects of our lives sometimes in non obvious ways like choosing a marriage partner
32
The majority of the worlds population is
Illiterate
33
How does income and wealth lead to increasing inequality?
The top is gaining more wealth and the bottom doesn't change much
34
How are racial testing and audits used to study race/ethnic inequality?
Audited analyses = false resumes of two same people to see discrimination
Racial testing = sending out two exact same people despite race and seeing how they compare in various tasks
35
Conflict theorists approach to race/ethnic inequality
Not simply attributes of the minority group that matter for duration/severity of inequality/tension, but rather a number of other inter group factors
36
What is a macro view of social stratification?
It is a system of society people are placed and has consequences for individuals and groups
37
This attribute of social stratification deals with it being created and recreated in normal institutional operations
Institutions tend to reproduce it
38
What is the essentialist view of sex and gender?
Sex/gender are inevitable/natural, this justifies the inequality between men and women
39
Cultural dimension of race/ethnic inequality
Ethnocentrism
40
How are network analyses used to study race/ethnic inequality?
Look at peer networks to see how we stay within our own race
41
Upward or downward movement
Mobility
42
Orientation in terms of sexual attraction/partners (heterosexual, homo, bi, etc)
Sexual orientation
43
What were Davis and Moore's 4 ideas about inequality (functionalist)?
1. societal sifting and sorting, based on societal needs
2. sorting is based largely on merit and ability (intelligence)
3. individuals are placed into appropriate positions
4. neutral reward structure, based on amount of work and effort put in as well as eh societal importance of the position
44
This division/divide looks at the narratives created by a society to explain inequality
The role of belief in culture
45
Behavioral/cultural proscriptions, socialization, and role typically tied to ones sex
Gender
46
What is racial steering?
Steering a person in a direction based on race without asking. Relators due this when helping people find a house
47
The structured inequality between groups
Social stratification
48
This system has no mobility
Cast system
49
The movement of people up or down the stratification system (vertical movement)
Social mobility
50
This essentialist assumption assumes men and women are the only genders and all people fall into one, ignores intersex population and people who don't identify with either
Clear-cut binary distinction exists
51
Why do conflict theorists state the reward structure and rules are not necessarily neutral or driven by system needs?
Those in power often shape the reward structure, rules, and beliefs regarding inequality to their own benefit
52
An umbrella term for people whose gender identity and/or gender expression differs from what is typically associated with the sex they were assigned at birth
Transgender
53
This essentialist assumption deals with men and women being biologically different and is not really true
Biology is profoundly deterministic
54
This essentialist view states men and women are valued for different things but it turns out that is actually evidence of inequality and a hierarchy exists
Equality of difference
55
Inability or unwillingness to assimilate is perhaps due to subcultural tendencies and heavy pushes for assimilation leading to the discarding of cultural particulars
Interpretation of functionalist theorists
56
How do functionalists view global inequality?
Modernization theories. Focuses on attitudes, geography, culture and diff histories of industrialization, has certain ethnocentric biases, and neglects power relations/interdependencies
57
These are core status markers and stratifiers by which social closure (inclusion/exclusion) and inequality
Race/ethnicity
58
What is the issue with categorizing people and the beliefs we apply to these race/ethnic breakdowns often based on bio assumptions
They are all myths
59
How can social stratification create societal crises/conflicts?
Inequality can lead to large crises like revolution bc it creates an unstable environment
60
Two diff groups marry and come together
Amalgamation
61
What do Davis and Moore suggest about sifting and sorting?
It is relatively neutral
62
Not neutral to status attributes
Non-meritocratic processes
63
This is used to describe the overall pattern of class mobility. No matter the system, people are held down by their class and don't move, 40-50% don't move relative to parents
Intergenerational class resiliency
64
There can exist conflict between these two things involving gender
Sexual orientation and gender identity
65
What is social stratification also known as?
Inequality
66
Behavioral dimension of race/ethnic inequality
Discrimination
67
What is the conflict theorists view of gender?
Suggest significant inequalities emerge via sex and gender binaries, via sexual orientation, and from deviators from the norm. Has costs to individuals and to society
68
How do conflict theorists view global inequality?
Dependency and world system theories. Diff countries are diff classes relative to each other and it causes uneven relations. Leads to debt, capital flight, deindustrialization, sweatshops, etc
69
How do Davis and Moore define appropriate positions?
People receive positions to match intellect, work ethic, merit, etc.
70
Can race and ethnicity be the same?
Yes
71
Outdated and out of step gender term
Transexual
72
Does a biological race exist?
No, but race is still important bc it is defined and believed to be real and individuals/institutions treat it as real
73
How are qualitative data and experiments used to study race/ethnic inequality?
See interactional bias and psych consequences.
| Doll test = showing black and white dolls to kids and asking questions
74
Refers to the distinct cultural norms and values of a social group
Ethnicity
75
When all 5 parts to the objective method for empirically capturing social class (income, wealth, occupation, education, place of residence) align
Status consistency
76
Inequality within as well as between countries
Global inequality
77
How does depression and anxiety impact those who deviate from binary?
Feelings of isolation and exclusion lead to these feelings
78
3 parts of prejudice/stereotypes
1. negative
2. rigid
3. generalization
79
4 problems in gender inequality for men
1. constraint in life choices
2. drive toward competitiveness
3. stress, anxiety, and pressure in fulfilling the male role
4. toxic masculinity and violence
80
Exclusion, segregation, inequality, and discrimination can reify/feed prejudicial/stereotypical views about group difference
Self fulfilling prophecy
81
How do conflict theorists say gender causes consequences for individuals and society?
```
Individuals = stressors for non binary and to conform
Society = losing talent from certain genders not pursuing certain careers
```
82
How has first gen and non first gen student college completion changed?
It hasn't really changed at all
83
How does where one falls on the stratification hierarchy shape ones life in fundamental ways?
It shapes the literal chances of living/surviving as well as the options we are given in life like going to college
84
This attribute of social stratification deals with it looking different in different areas but it still being present everywhere
It is universal
85
What percent of the worlds population is undernourished
1/3
86
What are the conflict theorists 3 ideas about inequality?
1. reward structure and rules are not necessarily neutral or driven by system needs
2. non-meritocratic processes remain influential
3. status, uneven institutional access and treatment, and structural vulnerabilities play an important part in shaping where one ends up
87
Inequality in these two things can be observed in income/employment, political representation, residential/educational segregation, criminal justice system, and health and wellness just like other inequalities
Race/ethnicity inequality
88
This implies movement is possible within a society while this implies movement is not possible
```
Achievement = can move
Ascription = cant move
```
89
Groups conform to the whole. Melting pot
Assimilation
90
Two functionalists in the US focused on inequality
Davis and Moore
91
What are the 5 attributes of social stratification (inequality)?
1. it is a trait of a society
2. it persists over generations
3. it is universal
4. institutions tend to reproduce it
5. belief systems in society usually try to justify it
92
Prejudice and stereotype are tied to this
Ethnocentrism
93
How can social stratification have devastating consequences for human lives?
For those on the bad end of the stratification, they have no access to healthcare, dental care, etc
94
The biological distinction between male and female
Sex
95
This sociologist believed inequality was created due to class and economics and inequality in class/economics was fundamental to a society
Marx
96
This system involves lots of mobility for all people
Pure meritocratic system
97
Totally neutral to status attributes
Meritocratic processes
98
How has historical, structural, and institutional prodding influenced gender?
Influence people to conform with gender normative/binary pathways
99
Ethnocentrism pervades both of these
Race and ethnicity
100
Why do conflict theorists state non-meritocratic processes remain influential?
People who come from elite backgrounds have better chances to get better opportunities (like tutors)
101
What are the 3 ways we do gender (symbolic interactionist view, micro)?
1. conversation and interaction
2. expectations, appearance, rewards, and sanctions
3. gender policing
102
4 basic markers of inequality and deprivation within or between societies
Literacy
nutrition
housing
health
103
Refers to an externally imposed system of social categorization and stratification. Has nothing to do with bio
Race
104
Stranger in a strange land, imposter syndrome, and a state of limbo stuck between two worlds. Inc stress
The upwardly mobile
105
What are the key theoretical divisions/divides for social stratification?
Achievement vs ascription, meritocratic vs non-meritocratic processes, and the role of belief in culture
106
This sociologists research on gender differing across cultures showed significant variation among 3 tribes of New Guinea in the 1930s (favor men, neutral, and favor women)
Margaret Mead
107
How can social stratification motivate or demoralize people?
More motivation = more open systems
| More demoralization = more closed systems
108
How is social class meaningful in obvious and non obvious ways?
Obvious = life chances, tangible things, like health, daily life and consumption
Non obvious = Identity, social connections/interactions, exclusions, opportunities, and boundaries
109
What is the symbolic interactionist (micro) view of gender?
We all actively "do gender", we have gendered expectations imposed on us and impose them on others in everyday interactions
110
Micro interactionist (experimental) approaches to race/ethnic inequality
Contact, in small groups, especially when asked to engage in cooperative tasks, reduced prejudices
111
This division/divide looks at if things are done based on merit alone without any consideration of status attributes
Meritocratic vs non-meritocratic processes
112
These are more open and allow for more movement than caste systems but it is still difficult to achieve upward movement
Class systems
113
What were Weber's 3 key aspects of inequality?
Class, status, and power
114
Studied mobility in the US, found half of people don't move relative to parents, the movement that does occur is very small
Michael Hout
115
This division/divide looks at if the society has an open or closed system. Is your movement dependent upon how smart/hardworking you are or you stay where you're born
Achievement vs ascription
116
Underlying or explicit class tensions
Social divisions
117
5 problems in gender inequality for women
1. constraint and patterning of educational, occupational, and behavioral choices
2. double burden of second shift
3. very disproportionately victims of spousal battery and certain forms of violence
4. group level political and economic inequalities
5. stress, anxiety, sickness, and pressure in trying to meet the ideal (beauty myth)
118
How would a functionalist describe the neutral reward structure in terms of a position like a teacher?
They would say their position is important but they aren't compensated well bc many people have teaching degrees
119
Despite being more open, it is still difficult to achieve this is class systems
Upward, intergenerational social mobility
120
This included things of value that aren't income
Wealth
121
What are the 5 parts to the objective method for empirically capturing social class?
1. income
2. wealth
3. occupation
4. education
5. place of residence
122
How do prejudice/stereotypes and discrimination influence each other?
Attitudinal inc behavioral and behavioral also inc attitudinal
123
What are the 3 assumptions made by essentialist views?
1. biology is profoundly deterministic
2. clear-cut binary distinction exists
3. equality of difference
124
What two things prove gender to be fluid in time and space?
1. gender has not always looked the same
| 2. gender does not look the same across cultures
125
Discrimination that is institutionalized
Structural
126
What is the contemporary cost of gender inequality (those who deviate from binary)?
Those who deviate are disproportionately victims of violence, stigma, and gender policing
127
How can inequality between countries be studied?
In the same way as within a country, looking at wealth, upper class countries, etc
128
External display of gender
Gender expression
129
This sociologist expanded upon Marx's inequality view and said it included more than just class (class, status, and power)
Weber
