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Microbiology > Midterm 2 - Chapter 15 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 - Chapter 15 Flashcards

1
Q

Pathogenicity

A

ability to cause disease

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2
Q

Virulence

A

degree of pathogenicity

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3
Q

Role of healthcare professional

A
  1. Control the spread of infection

2. Devise treatment plans to mitigate further spread

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4
Q

Parental route

A
  • Deposited microorganisms directly into tissues or into mucous membranes
  • All basic protective units are bypassed
  • Punctures, injection sites, surgery
  • Tetanus, gangrene, HIV, Hep
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5
Q

Adherence

A
  • A pathogen’s means of attaching themselves to host tissues at their portal of entry
  • A necessary step
  • Establishes disease, helps invasion
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6
Q

What does the host cell use for adherence?

A
  • Surface receptors that are sugar molecules ( fucose or mannose but never glucose!)
  • They are present on cell membrane
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7
Q

What does the pathogen use for adherence?

A
  • Adhesins, either glycoproteins or lipoproteins

- Present on glycocalyx, pili, fimbriae and/or flagella

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8
Q

What does E. coli use for attachment?

A

Uses fimbriae to attach to urinary tract. Causes UTI.

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9
Q

Exoenzymes

A
  • Coagulase
  • Kinase
  • Hylarunidase
  • Collagenase
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10
Q

Coagulase

A

Artificially clots blood by converting fibrinogen into fibrin.
- Protects bacteria from phagocytosis and isolates from defences of host
Ex: S. aureus and some streptococcus

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11
Q

Kinase

A
  • Breaks down fibrin and digests clots

Ex: most streptococcus and some staphylococcus.

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12
Q

Hyaluronidase

A
  • Hydrolyzes hyluronic acid
  • HA is found in connective tissue, muscle tissue and skin
  • Muscle and tissue start to fall apart
  • Blackening of overlying skin
  • Infection will spread
    Ex: Clostridium perfringes and S. pyogenes
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13
Q

Collagenase

A

-Destroys collagen

Ex: C. perfringes (causes gangrene)

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14
Q

In what type of bacteria are exotoxins produces?

A

Mostly gram positive

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15
Q

What are exotoxins made of?

A

proteins

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16
Q

Do exotoxins produce fever?

A

No

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17
Q

Can an exotoxin be neutralized by antitoxin?

A

yes

18
Q

Exotoxins relation to microbe?

A

By-products of growing cell

19
Q

Exotoxins produce specific:

A

signs and symptoms

20
Q

A-B toxins

A
  • Type of exotoxin
  • Consist of 2 polypeptide chains
  • Are most exotoxins
  • A is the active (enzyme) component
  • B is the binding component
21
Q

Dipetheriotoxin

A
  • An A-B toxin
  • Inhibits protein synthesis especially in nerve, heart and kidney cells
  • cell death occurs
  • Symptoms: creates a pseudomembrane that causes suffocation
22
Q

Tetanospasmin

A
  • An A-B toxin
  • A neurotoxin
  • Shuts down NMJ function and relaxation pathway
  • muscle will keep depolarizing
  • spasms occur
  • lock jaw and opsithitonis
23
Q

Botulinum

A
  • An A-B toxin
  • A neurotoxin
  • Blocks release of Ach at NMJ
  • Causes flaccid paralysis
24
Q

Vibriotoxin

A
  • An A-B toxin
  • An enterotoxin
  • Converts intestinal cells to become little pumps
  • Triggers cyclic AMP
    Symptoms: Rice water stools
25
Q

Membrane disrupting toxins

A
  • Cause lysis of host cells by disrupting plasma membranes

- Substances leak out

26
Q

Hemolysins

A
  • A membrane disrupting toxin
  • Destroys erythrocytes by forming protein channels
    Ex: S. pyogens clear zone
27
Q

Leukocidins

A
  • A membrane disrupting toxin
  • destroys WBCs
    Ex: S. pyogenes
28
Q

Erythrogenic toxin

A
  • A membrane disrupting toxin
  • Destroys membrane of skin cells
  • changes permeability of blood vessels
  • causes skin rash (scarlet fever)
  • Can result from untreated strep throat
29
Q

Why do super antigens provoke an intense immune response?

A

because of the release of cytokines from the T cells

30
Q

When are superantigens diagnosible?

A

At the GI tract

31
Q

Can superantigens be treated with antibiotics?

A

yes

32
Q

What are endotoxins made out of?

A

lipopolysaccharides

33
Q

In what type of bacteria are endotoxins found?

A

Gram negative

34
Q

Where are endotoxins present?

A

In the outer portion of cell wall

35
Q

Do endotoxins produce fever?

A

Yes

36
Q

Can endotoxins be neutralized by antitoxins?

A

No

37
Q

When are endotoxins released?

A

are released when bacteria dies and cell wall breaks apart.

38
Q

What is the mechanism of endotoxins?

A

they stimulate macrophages to release cytokines and toxic concentrations

39
Q

Shock

A

Any life-threatening decrease in blood pressure. Shock caused by bacteria is septic shock.

40
Q

Examples of endotoxins?

A

typhoid fever, UTIs and meningicoccal meningitis

Microbiology (9 decks)

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