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Biology 117 > Midterm 2 Main > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Main Flashcards

1
Q

____ and _____ are related

A

Water and temperature

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2
Q

Increased temperature means

A

Higher rates of a water loss

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3
Q

Humans cool by

A

Sweat, we drink lots of water

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4
Q

Most organisms consist of how much water

A

50-90%

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5
Q

Water relations

A

How organisms maintain water balence

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6
Q

Concentration gradient

A

Low to high solute concentration

Water has a tendency to move down concentration gradients!!!

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7
Q

Water potential

A

Waters potential energy or its ability to do work

Eg. River water has high energy

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8
Q

Evapotranspiration

A

Moves water up from the soil into the crown of tree

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9
Q

Water regulation by terrestrial animals

A

Wi + Wd + Wf + Wa - We - Ws

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10
Q

Terrestrial animals water regulation meanings

A 
Wd: taken by drinking 
Wf: taken in with food 
Wa: water absorbed from air 
We: water loss from evaporation 
Ws: waterless loss with various secretions and excretions
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11
Q

Water acquisition by animals

A

Oxidation of glucose

C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O

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12
Q

Water acquisition by plants

A

Through roots! Longer the roots, more water they’re trynna get

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13
Q

Water use efficiency

A

Biomass of plant tissue produced per gram of water used

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14
Q

How to get water from food

A

Metabolism! Break down into sugar molecules

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15
Q

Energy

A

Light, organic molecules, or inorganic molecules

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16
Q

Nutrients

A

Raw material needed to build the organic and inorganic components critical to life

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17
Q

Phylogeny

A

Grouping organisms based on their similarities

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18
Q

Autotrophs

A

“Self feeders”

Use inorganic sources of both carbon and energy

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19
Q

2 types of autotrophs

A

Photosynthetic and chemosynthetix

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20
Q

Photosynthetic autotroph

A

Use carbon dioxide as a source of carbon and solar radiation in the form of light as a source of energy

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21
Q

Trophic

A

Means of organisms obtaining energy

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22
Q

Chemosynthetic autotrophs

A

Use inorganic molecules as a source of carbon and energy

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23
Q

Heterotrophs

A

“Other feeders”. Organisms use organic molecules as a source of carbon and as a energy source

Bacteria, fungus, parasites

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24
Q

Photoheterotrophs

A

Use light energy to produce ATP

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25
Heterotrophs include
Bacteria, fungi, and animals
26
Prokaryotes
Show more trophies diversity then the other major biological groupings (single cell, no organelles)
27
Archea
Look like bacteria. But aren’t. Have different genetics
28
All fungi and animals are
Heretotrophic
29
Photosynthesis
Solar powered biosphere
30
Photons
Particles of light, bear a finite quantity of energy
31
Longer wavelengths
Infrared light Carry less energy then shorter wavelengths
32
Visible light, better known as
Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR)
33
Photosynthetically active radiation makes up what percent of total energy content
45%
34
Photon flux density (PFD)
Number of photons striking a square meter surface each second
35
Light changes in quantity with:
Latitude, season, weather, time of day
36
ATP
Energy (stored as sugar, lipids, proteins)
37
Photosynthesis in two parts
Light and dark reaction
38
Carbon fixation
Autotrophs
39
C3 photo synthesis
C3 plants
40
C4 plants use
3 carbons opposed to 5 carbon molecules leading
41
Ethology
The study of behaviour (animals in environment)
42
Natural selection favours ______ that increase _______
Behaviours Fitness
43
Complex behaviours have
Genetic basis and choice is not a sole determinant
44
Some behaviours are more ______ than others
Adaptive
45
Adaptive value of a given trait is _______ common in the ____________
More Specific environmental conditions
46
Inclusive fitness
Fitness is determined by individual survival and reproduction
47
Kin selection
Selecting behaviours leading to inclusive behaviour
48
Donor
Performs actions to be accessed
49
Recipient
Recognizes the given behaviour
50
Cooperation
I benefit, so does someone else
51
Selfishness
I benefit, you don’t
52
Adaptionist
That all observed behaviours are inherently adaptive
53
Altruistic act
Benefits recipient, but harms donor
54
Group selection
Individuals may act counter to their own personal interest to better the rest
55
Kin selection can promote ______, ____% of genes from each other
Altruism 50
56
Manipulation
Laying eggs in someone else nest
57
Reciprocal altruism
Individuals do not have to be related to each other for altruism to be stable
58
Different species living ______ by _____ differ
Side by side Coexistence
59
Species living side by side do what
Produce different size offspring Lifetimes order by magnitude (some old some young) Offspring may leave or live independently
60
For each species, there will be a limited set of ______ suitable for _____ and _______
Conditions Growth Reproduction
61
The principle of ______ is important in influencing how an ______ allocates _____ within a given segment of its energy budget
Allocation Organism Energy
62
Organisms cans only access so much ______, causing ______ in how they can be allocated between survival, ____ number, and offspring size
Energy Trade offs Offspring
63
Allometry
Study of scaling between body size and various biological factors, including shape, anatomy, physiology, and behaviour
64
______ will have a strong Influence on how an organism ______ energy
Body size Allocates
65
Fecundity
Number of offspring produced by an organism
66
Gene flow
Avaibality to spread further Seeds on a tree in wind
67
Desert shrubs root length
Up to 30 meters
68
Another way to balence water budget is to reduce water loss, how ?
Waterproofing, many animals and plants cover themselves with a fairly waterproof wax
69
Evil quartet
The immediate causes of species loss
70
Four points to the evil quartet
Over exploitation Habitat loss Competition with introduced species Tropic dependency leading to cascading chains of extinction (higher up in food chain dependant on lower species leads to domino effect)
71
R
Represents population growth rate
72
K
Represents maximum sustainable size of population
73
Slow life histories
Reach sexual maturity later, breed infrequently in small number, have similar life history traits
74
Ruderals
Plants that live in highly disturbed habitats and may depend on disturbances to persist in the face of potential competition from other plants
75
Stress
Induced by environmental conditions that limit the growth of all or part of vegetation
76
Stress is the result of:
Extreme temperatures, too little or too much water, too little or too much nutrients
77
Competitive life history
Competitive plants occupy environments where disturbance intensity is low and stress is low
78
Niche
Home or house 2 specifies can’t occupy same niche
79
Fundemental niche
Reflects environmental requirements of species
80
Realized niche
Includes interactions with other species
81
Phenology
Study of timing of events in an organisms life | when they are born, when leaves flush out
82
Brood parasite
Female lays eggs in others birds nests
83
Sociality
Group living and cooperation
84
Eusociality
Generations of individuals live together Cooperative care of young Divisions of individuals into sterile, reproductive and nonreproductive
85
Caste
Individuals that engage in specialized behaviour in a colony
86
Manogomy
Regular relationships
87
Promiscuity
Multiple mates. Whore
88
Intrasexual selection
Compete for sex
89
Intersexual selection
Get sex cause you look good

Biology 117 (8 decks)

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