Midterm 2 Stuff

Question 1

True Positive

Answer 1

Condition positive and test positive

Question 2

Type 2 Error

Answer 2

False Negative.
Test negative and Condition positive
-Reporting no effect when there is an effect

Question 3

Type 1 Error

Answer 3

False Positive.
Test positive and Condition Negative
-Reporting an effect when there is no effect

Question 4

True Negative

Answer 4

Condition Negative and Test Negative

Question 5

How do we decrease false positives (Type 1 Error)?

Answer 5

Decrease Alpha level

Question 6

How do we decrease false negatives (Type 2 Error)?

Answer 6

1) Increase Sample Size
2) Increase difference between means
3) Reduce variance
* *Reducing false negatives increases the power of your study

Question 7

Sensitivity

Answer 7

What percentage of the time the test correctly identifies the condition
True Positive/Condition Positive

Question 8

Specificity

Answer 8

Percent of the time that the test correctly excluded the condition
True Negative/Condition Negative

Question 9

Positive Predictive Value (PPV)

Answer 9

Proportion of positive tests that are true positives
“A positive test is a true positive X% of the time”
True Positive/Test Outcome Positive

Question 10

Negative Predictive Value (NPV)

Answer 10

Proportion of negative tests that are true negatives
“A negative test is a true negative X% of the time”
True Negative/Test outcome negative

Question 11

Accuracy

Answer 11

The percentage of cases that the test is correct

(True Negative + True positive)/All Tests

Question 12

Prevalence

Answer 12

People With Condition/Everyone in sample

Question 13

Can you predict a single outcome for a random event?

Answer 13

NO

Question 14

Can you make any valid statements about a series of random events?

Answer 14

Yes

Question 15

Central tendency Scores

Answer 15

• Ways of measuring the general area around which a set of numbers lie
• Mean
• Median
• Mode

Question 16

Variability Scores

Answer 16

• Standard Deviation
• Range
• confidence Intervals

Question 17

Who do you want to generalize to?

Answer 17

The theoretical population

Question 18

What population can you get access to?

Answer 18

The study population

Question 19

How can you get access to them?

Answer 19

The sampling frame

Question 20

Who is in your study?

Answer 20

The sample

Question 21

Standard Error of the Mean (SEM)

Answer 21

s/sqrt(n)

• smaller than standard deviation
• uncertainty in the estimate of the mean

Question 22

Standard Deviation

Answer 22

Variability in Population

Question 23

T-tests

Answer 23

Assumptions:

• Sample represents the population
• normal distribution

Question 24

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

Answer 24

• Extension of t-test

- more than 2 groups

Question 25

boufferont technique to adjust alpha

Answer 25

Alpha(EW)=Alpha divided by the number of comparisons

Question 26

Repeated Measures Anova

Answer 26

Do two or more groups change differently over trials (over time)?

Question 27

Correlation

Answer 27

- Relationship between two or more characteristics | - Correlation is a necessary but not sufficient condition for causation

Question 28

Key Parameters for Correlation

Answer 28

``` r-correlation coefficient r^2-coefficient of determination p-probability that this relationship is not significant b-slope a-intercept ```

Question 29

Best Straight Line Fit

Answer 29

Minimize sum of squared difference between data and curve fit line

Question 30

Multiple Regression

Answer 30

Correlating more than one of predictor with a criterion

Question 31

Power Analysis

Answer 31

- concerned with false negatives - more subjects increases power - more power is needed to detect small differences - larger t=more power

Question 32

Beneficience

Answer 32

Research participants should have a greater benefit than a risk

Question 33

Autonomy

Answer 33

Freedom to withdraw or give consent at any time

Question 34

Justice

Answer 34

Fair selection of research participants, whole population should be represented

Question 35

Information needed in planning research

Answer 35

- alpha - mean difference - variance - power - sample size

Question 36

Dichotomous variable

Answer 36

Ex) Sex | Two possible groups and you are either in one or the other

Question 37

Cutoff Score

Answer 37

Continuous variable needs a cutoff to become a dichotomous parameter

Question 38

Belmont Report

Answer 38

3 major guiding principles: - Autonomy - Beneficience - Justice

Question 39

Role of the IRB

Answer 39

- Meet and review all research proposals - Make decisions regarding study - Follow up on studies - implement policies, procedures and documentation for review and follow up

Question 40

Who sits on IRB

Answer 40

Faculty, clinicians, community members

Question 41

Consent elements

Answer 41

- voluntary - "vulnerable" subjects (Prisoners) - Free to withdraw at any time - Informed consent (Assent) form