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HPHY 212 > Midterm 2 Stuff > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Stuff Flashcards

1
Q

True Positive

A

Condition positive and test positive

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2
Q

Type 2 Error

A

False Negative.
Test negative and Condition positive
-Reporting no effect when there is an effect

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3
Q

Type 1 Error

A

False Positive.
Test positive and Condition Negative
-Reporting an effect when there is no effect

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4
Q

True Negative

A

Condition Negative and Test Negative

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5
Q

How do we decrease false positives (Type 1 Error)?

A

Decrease Alpha level

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6
Q

How do we decrease false negatives (Type 2 Error)?

A

1) Increase Sample Size
2) Increase difference between means
3) Reduce variance
* *Reducing false negatives increases the power of your study

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7
Q

Sensitivity

A

What percentage of the time the test correctly identifies the condition
True Positive/Condition Positive

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8
Q

Specificity

A

Percent of the time that the test correctly excluded the condition
True Negative/Condition Negative

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9
Q

Positive Predictive Value (PPV)

A

Proportion of positive tests that are true positives
“A positive test is a true positive X% of the time”
True Positive/Test Outcome Positive

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10
Q

Negative Predictive Value (NPV)

A

Proportion of negative tests that are true negatives
“A negative test is a true negative X% of the time”
True Negative/Test outcome negative

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11
Q

Accuracy

A

The percentage of cases that the test is correct

(True Negative + True positive)/All Tests

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12
Q

Prevalence

A

People With Condition/Everyone in sample

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13
Q

Can you predict a single outcome for a random event?

A

NO

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14
Q

Can you make any valid statements about a series of random events?

A

Yes

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15
Q

Central tendency Scores

A
  • Ways of measuring the general area around which a set of numbers lie
  • Mean
  • Median
  • Mode
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16
Q

Variability Scores

A
  • Standard Deviation
  • Range
  • confidence Intervals
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17
Q

Who do you want to generalize to?

A

The theoretical population

18
Q

What population can you get access to?

A

The study population

19
Q

How can you get access to them?

A

The sampling frame

20
Q

Who is in your study?

A

The sample

21
Q

Standard Error of the Mean (SEM)

A

s/sqrt(n)

  • smaller than standard deviation
  • uncertainty in the estimate of the mean
22
Q

Standard Deviation

A

Variability in Population

23
Q

T-tests

A

Assumptions:

  • Sample represents the population
  • normal distribution
24
Q

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

A
  • Extension of t-test

- more than 2 groups

25
Q

boufferont technique to adjust alpha

A

Alpha(EW)=Alpha divided by the number of comparisons

26
Q

Repeated Measures Anova

A

Do two or more groups change differently over trials (over time)?

27
Q

Correlation

A
  • Relationship between two or more characteristics

- Correlation is a necessary but not sufficient condition for causation

28
Q

Key Parameters for Correlation

A 
r-correlation coefficient
r^2-coefficient of determination
p-probability that this relationship is not significant
b-slope
a-intercept
29
Q

Best Straight Line Fit

A

Minimize sum of squared difference between data and curve fit line

30
Q

Multiple Regression

A

Correlating more than one of predictor with a criterion

31
Q

Power Analysis

A
  • concerned with false negatives
  • more subjects increases power
  • more power is needed to detect small differences
  • larger t=more power
32
Q

Beneficience

A

Research participants should have a greater benefit than a risk

33
Q

Autonomy

A

Freedom to withdraw or give consent at any time

34
Q

Justice

A

Fair selection of research participants, whole population should be represented

35
Q

Information needed in planning research

A
  • alpha
  • mean difference
  • variance
  • power
  • sample size
36
Q

Dichotomous variable

A

Ex) Sex

Two possible groups and you are either in one or the other

37
Q

Cutoff Score

A

Continuous variable needs a cutoff to become a dichotomous parameter

38
Q

Belmont Report

A

3 major guiding principles:

  • Autonomy
  • Beneficience
  • Justice
39
Q

Role of the IRB

A
  • Meet and review all research proposals
  • Make decisions regarding study
  • Follow up on studies
  • implement policies, procedures and documentation for review and follow up
40
Q

Who sits on IRB

A

Faculty, clinicians, community members

41
Q

Consent elements

A
  • voluntary
  • “vulnerable” subjects (Prisoners)
  • Free to withdraw at any time
  • Informed consent (Assent) form

HPHY 212 (3 decks)

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