Midterm 3 Flashcards
(119 cards)
1
Q
monogastric
A
- one stomach
- ex. humans, pigs, horses
2
Q
polygastric / ruminant
A
- multiple stomachs
- ex. cow, goat, sheep, deer
- utilizes lower quality forages, higher fiber feeds
3
Q
rumen capacity of an adult cow
A
- 50 gal
- largest chamber (80%)
4
Q
rumen capacity of calf
A
- rumen less developed
- 20% of stomach volume
5
Q
rumen fermentation
A
microbes in rumen break down cellulose, lignin, and less digestible feed
6
Q
rumen synthesis
A
- microbes get a constant, hospitable environment
- cow can digest more types of feed
7
Q
reticulum
A
- “catch-all” / grabs accidentally ingested materials
- ex. metallic items would drop in it wen eaten
8
Q
hardware disease
A
- too much metal was ingested and sitting in reticulum near heart
- prevention: insert magnets into reticulum
9
Q
omasum
A
- “many plies”
- retrieves water from digestive material
10
Q
abomasum
A
- “true stomach”
- protein digestion with pepsin and rennin
- hydrochloric acid denatures by lowering pH
- acidic / low pH
11
Q
lower digestive tract
A
- protein, fat digestion
- compaction of feces
12
Q
calf abomasum
A
- largest chamber
- 72%
13
Q
nutrient requirements for maintenance
A
- nutrients maintain basic level of existence (heart, muscle movement, temp, digestion)
- depend on body size (bigger animal = more maintenance)
14
Q
nutrient requirements for growth
A
- necessary for laying down new bone / muscle tissue
- depend on age / lactation stage (1st (20%) and 2nd (10%) lactation = more nutrients)
15
Q
nutrient requirements for reproduction
A
- necessary to develop growing fetus
- depend on stage of pregnancy (only up food on last 2 months/ 7 months or greater)
16
Q
nutrient requirements for milk production
A
- necessary to provide energy, minerals, protein to produce milk
- depend on high milk production and % butterfat being produced (high = more nutrients)
17
Q
what is the single largest contributor to cost of producing milk?
A
feed ration
18
Q
characteristics of a desirable ration
A
- penns v bf
- palatability
- economical
- nutritionally balanced
- no adverse effects (toxicity)
- succulence
- variety
- bulk
- fiber / laxative
19
Q
essential nutrients
A
- proteins
- energy
- vitamins
- minerals
- water
20
Q
commonly used concentrate feeds
A
-concentrated forms of energy:
-corn
-oats
-barely
-cottonseed (whole or meal)
soybeans (whole or meal)
21
Q
roughages (forages)
A
- > 18% fiber
- alfalfa hay
- oat hay
- pasture
- corn silage
- green chop
22
Q
other novelty feeds
A
- brewer’s grains, byproducts
- beet pulp
- citrus pulp
- almond hulls
- bakery waste
23
Q
nutritional benefit
A
what does it cost vs what does it give you
24
Q
milk fever
A
- nutritional disturbance not disease
- happens around calving
- limit calcium feeding when dry
25
milk fever symptoms
- cold ears
- muscle shivers
- stumbling
- can't get up
26
DCAD
dietary anion cation difference
27
% of body weight cow will eat in roughages fed as hay
1-2%
28
1 lb hay =
- 3 lbs silage
| - 4 lbs green chop
29
DA
- displaced abomasum
| - too much concentrate is fed
30
dry matter to concentrate ratio
no less than 40% dry matter as roughage and no more than 60% from concentrates
31
urea
- non-protien nitrogen source
- inorganic (not carbon based)
- supplies 2.8 times more nitrogen than proteins
- do not use more than 200 g/cow/day
- bad taste
32
parturition
- giving birth
| - remember good calf management comes before birth
33
signs of approaching calving date
- restlessness
- discharge from vulva
- pelvic area relaxes (relaxin)
- swelling (edema)
- leaking milk (oxytocin)
34
calving area requirements
- celan
- dry
- draft-free
- adequate ventilation
- open air best
35
dystocia
- difficult birthing
| - large calf, twins, bad birthing positions
36
what do you do right after calf is born
-make sure it's breathing
-tickle nose
drain airway with gravity
37
what do you do within 30 min of calf birth
- feed calf colostrum (10% of calf's body weight in colostrum)
- dip navel in disinfectant
38
care for dam after calving
- make sure cow gets up
- give cow water
- check for expulsion of placenta (4-48hr after)
- watch for milk fever or metabolic probs
39
which cow gives the best colostrum
colostrum from older cow is better tan colostrum from 1st calf cow
40
about ___% of the time no assistance is needed for heifers
65%
41
about ___% of the time no assistance is needed for cows after 2 calves
80%
42
colostrum % solids and protein
- 23.9% solids
| - 14% protein
43
whole milk % solids and protein
- 12.9% solids
| - 4% protein
44
more colostrum fed to newborn calves =
more calves live / better mortality rate
45
calf identification
- ear tags (NP)
- tattoos (P)
- branding (P)
- photos and drawing
- registration certificates
46
Poly Blackstar Rose
Poly (always same) Blackstar (sire) Rose (dam)
47
top side of pedigree
- sire
- paternal
- paternal grand sire
48
bottom side of pedigree
- dam
- maternal
- maternal grand dam
49
calve's mom's dad?
maternal grandsire
50
management activities
- dehorning
- removal of extra teats
- vaccinations
- magnets
51
dehorning
-for safety of humans and other cows
52
electric iron dehorning
- less than 8 weeks old
- adv: bloodless, less infection opportunity
- disadv: slow
53
chemical paste dehorning
- chemically burns horn producing tissue
- adv: little/no bleeding
- disadv: other areas/ things could get burned
54
barnes dehorner
- pulls out horn like fencing
- adv: quick, can be used on older calves
- disadv: excessive bleeding, scars, open-wound / infection
55
tube scoop dehorning
- gouges out horns with pressure and twisting motion
- adv: ??
- disadv: bloody, easy to make mistakes, horn scum (misdirected bone growth after horn removal)
56
removal of extra teats
- supernumerary teats
- reason: get in the way of milking, unsightly
- clip off with scissors or scalpel
57
magnets
- prevent hardware disease
- insert in reticulum
- put in around 6 months after dehorning
58
cost to raise heifers
$50 per calf per month
59
contract heifer raising advantages
- expansion possibilities
- invest variety over more productive stock
- concentration of labor and management efforts
- might reduce replacement costs
60
contract heifer raising disadvantages
- finding a qualified, compatible contractor
- disease
- may not increase net income
61
contract heifer raising considerations
- be specific
- make sure vaccinations are updated
- permanently identify heifers
62
the contract for heifer raising could provide for
- kind, amount of feed, water, housing
- length of contract
- termination, repossession
- arbitration of disbutes
63
what is the #1 milk producing state in the US?
- CA (produces 19.5%)
| - bring in more than we send out
64
how many dairy cows are in CA?
1.76 million
65
how many licensed dairy cow operations in CA?
1,420
66
how many pounds of milk are produced in CA?
greater than 40 billion
67
how many processing plants are in CA?
110
68
Dairy Council of California (DCC)
- dairy council of California
- mission: educate people about good nutrition and food pyramid
- funding: based on creamery product usage; several million $/yr
- target groups: teens, elderly, pregos, health professional
69
California Milk Advisory Board (CMAB)
- mission: generic advertising, sales of all dairy products, "real" CA cheese
- funding: $0.10/cwt of milk produced
- started in 1969
- budget: $40 million/ yr
- direction: dairymen from 11 districts plus one consumer advocate
- effects on milk sales: pos
- highest priorities: fluid milk, yogurt, cheese
70
organizations promoting dairy products
- dairy council of CA (DCC)
- california milk advisory board
- national, state dairy boards
- regional cooperatives, producers
- individual labels
71
class usage
processors must pay for milk according to what class it is being made from
72
grade A
milk eligible for any dairy product
73
grade B
milk eligible for non-drinkable dairy product
74
federal milk standards vs. CA milk standards
- CA standards exceed fed
- CA advantage
- more protein and calcium
75
state milk pool
-handles difference processors must pay for milk and what it is worth to them
76
quota
- determines profit dairy producers make
- highest price paid to diary producer for milk
- not dependent on what milk is being made into
- more quota = more product sold at premium price
- allocated in 1966-67
77
dairyman vs. processor
offer milk at different prices depending on which one
78
what the processor pays for vs. what the producer pays for
- processor: what they do with the milk (class)
| - producer: quota
79
class 1
- fluid milk products
- lactose reduced products
- drinkable of any kind
80
class 2
- fluid creams
- sour cream
- yogurt
- buttermilk
- cottage cheese
- whipping cream
81
class 3
- frozen dairy products
- ice cream
- frozen yogurt
82
class 4a
- butter
- non fat dry milk
- powder
83
class 4b
- hard cheeses
| - cream cheese
84
which class is the reference price
- class 1
- wholesale revenue
- highest income of all classes (4ab lowest)
85
reasons for quota to go up
- class 1 consumption goes up substantially
- new producers petition the state
- initial allocation was 110% of class 1 usage
86
if you know class 4 you know how to find _____
classes 2 and 3
87
base over base (B/OB)
-$ 1.70 less than quota
88
blend price
-weighted average price they get
89
production base
- equals original milk production for each dairyman during reference yr (66-67)
- fixed
90
overbase
- any milk shipped above and over production base
| - generally lowest price level
91
federal support price
- intent to ensure constant access to dairy products
- served as a price floor
- replaced by margin protection plan
92
margin protection plan (MPP)
- replaced federal support price
| - insurance for when difference between milk income and feed costs is really bad
93
milk pooling advantages
- payed based on quota not class (producer doesn't worry what milk is getting made into)
- producer security trust fund (short term)
- independent agencies can administer pavements
- quota is freely transferable within 6 months
94
milk pooling disadvantages
- complicated
| - discriminates against new producers
95
quality premiums
- milk with extra bonus
- ex. grass fed, Rbst free
- allows for producers to add to quota
96
how do you lose quota
don't use it or sell it
97
transgenic
- animal that carries DNA from 2 different species
| - ex. cows wit human DNA to excrete insulin in milk
98
transgenic applications on human medicine
- human insulin production
- TPA (prevent heart attacks)
- protein C (blood anticoagulant)
- significant antibodies
99
transgenic applications on host species
- genetic disease resistance
| - improved production traits
100
genetic mapping
linking milk, semen, blood, or tissue with animal's future production based on on DNA strands
101
success rate of transgenic animals
- now 1/100
| - was 1/700
102
3 gene identified by genetic mapping so far
- casein
- lactoglobulin
- prolactin
103
K - casein
- AA, AB, BB
| - BB associated with 3-12% more protein and cheese (B gene in jerseys more)
104
clone
group of genetically identical cells or organism derived from a single cell or organism
105
benefits of cloning
- clone most efficient producers for better production
- if all cattle cloned, observable differences could only be attributed to management flaws
- saves genetic potential
106
gender pre-selection with sperm
- sort X and Y sperm into separate tubes / flow cytometers
- X: florescent, greater mass
- Y: less glow after dye
107
infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IDR, Rednose)
- acute contagious respiratory disease
- not fatal unless phenomena develops
- can cause abortion in mature cattle
108
parainfluenza (PI 3, shipping fever)
- pasturella bacteria
- PI 3 virus
- stressful conditions
109
respiratory syncytial virus
- attacks lining of lungs
| - causing pneumonia like condition
110
leptospirosis
- bacterial organism epic can be fatal in calves
| - in cows, causes abortion and still birth
111
vibriosis
- venereal disease (transmitted at mating)
| - can cause infertility, irregular estrus, early embryonic death
112
brucellosis (bang's disease)
- contagious to humans/ zoonotic (Undulant Fever in humans)
- in cows, causes infertility and abortion
- vaccinated by vet only
- tattooed in ear for 1/4 and 1 yr vaccines
- vaccinated at 6 months
- #1 mandated disease
113
passive immunity
- antibodies directly injected into animal
| - ex. drinking colostrum
114
active immunity
- stimulates own immune system to actively create antibodies
- ex. vaccine
115
opsonization
process of B-lymphh making antibodies to coat bacteria making handles so it is easier for PMN to grad and eat the bacteria
116
opsonized bacteria
when antibodies coat the bacteria
117
how many pounds in a kilo
2.2 lbs
118
20% (multiply by .2)
- 2 yrs old (maintenance)
| - 1st lactation (repro)
119
10% (multiply by .1)
- 3 yrs old
| - 2nd lactation
