Midterm Flashcards
(113 cards)
1
Q
Used for feed, environmental conservation, renewable energy, aesthetics, and by products
A
Forages
2
Q
Aboveground portion of plant
A
Shoot
3
Q
Below ground portion of plant that absorbs nutrients
A
Root
4
Q
Individual shoots of grasses
A
Tillers
5
Q
Basal portion of plant shoots (stem bases)
A
Crown
6
Q
Aboveground portion where new tillers/shoots come from
A
Stolon
7
Q
Below ground stem where new tillers/shoots come from
A
Rhizome
8
Q
Emergence of seedling
A
Germination stage
9
Q
Stage of growth primarily with leaf tissue
A
Vegetative stage
10
Q
Bloom of floral buds
A
Reproductive stage
11
Q
Formation of mature seed
A
Seed development stage
12
Q
H20 into seed, temporary root formed, form coleoptile, grows into plumule, seminal root system
A
Germination of grasses
13
Q
Hypocotyl underground
A
Hypogeal germination
14
Q
Hypocotyl aboveground
A
Epigeal germination
15
Q
Deeper roots without a tap root
A
Festucoid development
16
Q
Tap root closer to the surface
A
Panicoid development
17
Q
Cells shorten vertically and pulls plant into soil
A
Contractile growth (legumes)
18
Q
Grass with 3-5 phytomers?
A
Cool season
19
Q
Grass with 3-9 phytomers?
A
Warm season
20
Q
Signals the transition to vegetative to reproductive tillers
- cold period
- longer warmer day
A
Vernalization
21
Q
Light process that takes CO2 into carbs
Solar–>Chemical
A
Photosynthesis
22
Q
Conversion of carbs into CO2 and energy
Chemical–>Biological
A
Respiration
23
Q
Reaction responsible for turning solar energy into NADH and ATP?
A
Light
24
Q
Reaction that fixates CO2 and used ATP and NADH from light reaction?
A
Calvin (Dark)
25
Capture the solar energy
Thylakoid membranes
26
Where the conversion of solar to chemical energy happens?
Stroma
27
Calvin Cycle 3 steps?
- Carboxylation (RUBISCO binds CO2)
- Reduction(3-PG gots to 2GAP)
- Regeneration(GAP makes more RUBISCO) (or goes to make glucose)
28
Cool season photosynthesis
C3
29
Warm season photosynthesis with CO2 pump
C4
30
CO2 goes into mesophyl cells, where dark reaction happens to make sucrose, sucrose transported to phloem
C3 photosynthesis
31
Photosynthesis with less mesophyl cells and less choloroplast, and bigger bundle sheath cells?
C4
32
CO2 into mesophyl cells, CO2 makes PEP which makes malate, malate goes to bundle sheath cells, malate makes CO2 and pyruvate, pyruvate makes more malate and the cycle continues, once high CO2 concentration dark reaction creates sucrose, sucrose goes to phloem
C4 photosynthesis
33
Enzyme that can fix both CO2 and O2?
RUBISCO
34
Photorespiration
One GAP is produced instead of 2 so plant has to choose glucose or RUBISCO generation
35
Carbohydrates from photosynthesis are transported as_______through_______tissue of the plant
sucrose, vascular
36
Vascular tissue with bi-directional movement of sucrose and organic nutrients
Phloem
37
Vascular tissue with upward movement of water and minerals
Xylem
38
Sucrose moves in the_____from____to_____
phloem, source, sink
39
Tissues that produce or store nutrients in excess of what they need
Source
40
Tissues not capable of producing nutrients to meet their own needs
Sink
41
Water moves through the plant via?
Transpiration
42
Transpiration steps?
- water enters through roots
- water moves through Xylem
- water evaporates from leaves
- evaporation pulls more water up through the plant
43
What plants store carbohydrates for survival when photosynthesis is inhibited or reduced?
Perennial Plant
44
Plant that lives for more than 2 years?
Perennial
45
Plant that goes dormant over the cold months and takes 2 years to go through its life cycle
Biennial
46
Carbohydrate reserves for cool season grasses?
Stem bases and stolons/rhizomes
47
Carbohydrate reserves for warm season grasses?
Stem bases and stolons/rhizomes
48
Carbohydrate reserves for legumes?
As starch (roots) stolons/rhizomes
49
When do carb reserves decline?
Early spring when they reestablish leaves after the winter
50
When does photosynthetic rate begin to exceed energy requirement?
Around the time of stem elongation
51
When are carb reserves at their max?
At maturity
52
Photosynthetic rate is proportional to amping of________that is able to absorb light
Leaf tissue
53
Index of photosynthetic tissue relative to ground area
Leaf Area Index (LAI)
54
Higher leaf area index= what?
Higher photosynthetic rate therefore faster replenishment of carb reserves
55
Maximum LAI means what?
That there is no more yield once upper leaves shade the lower ones killing them and therefore lower carb reserves trying to maintain the dying tissue
56
Carb converted to 2 molecules of pyruvate
Glycolysis
57
Pyruvate converted to CO2 and energy
Citric Acid (Kreb's) Cycle
58
NADH and FADH2 transfer their energy to the e- transport chain to produce energy
Oxidative Phosphorylation
59
Warm temperature effects on forage?
- increase rate of respiration and transpiration
- stomata closes (limiting CO2 intake)
- limited C3 photosynthesis
60
- Irrigation (impractical)
- incorporation of cool-season legumes(large tap root)
- incorporation of warm season forage(lower quality but more productive)
- reduce grazing pressure on cool season grasses (maintain more leaf area)
- decrease the number of harvests (limits growth)
Forage Management for higher temperatures
61
Cold temperature effects on forage?
- Respiration decreases
- photosynthesis unchanged
- positive net energy (accumulation of carbs)
- loss of fluidity and structure
- anaerobic fermentation
- reduced phloem transport
- frost heaving
- ice crystals
62
Cold tolerance varies___and___a forage species
across, within
63
Plant conditions itself to persist under cold temperatures
Hardening
64
Hardening process?
- reduction of free water to prevent ice
- accumulation of solutes (aa's, sucrose, K)
- increase of FAs to increase fluidity
- increase membrane protein production for stability
65
- Choose adapted species
- maintain proper cutting/grazing management in Fall (don't cut till after frost to maintain carb reserves)
- Maintain higher stubble height (insulation)
- Apply low rates of N and high rates of K fertilizer
- Drainage
Forage Management for lower temperatures
66
Plant ADJUSTS itself to adapt to dry conditions (closure of stomata, leaf curling)
Drought tolerance
67
Inherent characteristic of the plant to survive during dry conditions (large root system, C4)
Drought avoidance
68
Total amount of energy received by the leaf (shade vs full sunlight)
Irradiance
69
Specific wavelengths of light that is received (far red vs UV)
Light quality
70
Total amount of time leave receives light
Photoperiod
71
Plant proteins that regulate growth and development through the absorption of light
Phytochrome
72
Ratio of Pr and Pfr tells the plant when to?
- germinate
- initiate crown and buds
- develop new tillers/shoots
- initiate flowering
- increase stem elongation
73
Three types of photoperiods?
- Short day (warm season)
- Long day (cool season)
- Day neutral (annuals)
74
How to establish productive forage?
- meet soil needs
- choose right species
- seeding methods
- place seed at correct depth
- control weeds and existing forages
75
Environmental factors required for germination
- adequate soil moisture
- warm temperature
- oxygen
- Sometimes a light requirement
76
Seed treatments?
- Scarification (seed coats damaged)
- Stratification (exposing seeds)
- Inoculation (application of Rhizobia)
77
Recommended seeding rates based on a_______amount of______ requires to establish a desired level of forage production
theoretical, pure live seed (PLS)
78
Seeding rate needs to be corrected for?
- Seed quality
- Type of seeding
- Seed size
- Soil type
79
Requires tillage to remove existing vegetation
Prepared seedbed
80
Species planted directly into seedbed without preparation
Direct Seeding
81
Cool seasons are planted during?
Fall or spring
82
Warm seasons are planted during?
Spring
83
Establishment through harvesting and planting actively growing vegetation
Sprigging
84
Any species that is growing where it isn't wanted
Weed
85
Most weeds are?
Perennials
86
Why to control weeds?
- lower in nutritive value
- restrict grazing
- potentially poisonous
- aesthetics
87
Types of weed control?
- biological (natural predators)
- chemical (herbicides)
- cultural (proper management)
- integrated (multiple)
88
Companion crop
-small grain to inter seed to reduce erosion, fight of weeds, and be an additional income
89
How to pick the right companion crop?
Make sure it doesn't outgrow it's companion and shade it out, but also make sure it's shading out the weeds
90
Capacity of soil to provide nutrients
Soil fertility
91
Lime mechanism?
Cation displaces H+ and Al+3 to neutralize acidity
92
Percentage of P in P2O5?
44%
93
Percentage of K in K2O?
83%
94
Things found in cell contents?
- nonstructural carbs (starch)
- protein
- lipids
- minerals
95
Composed of structural carbs and lignin
Cell wall
96
Cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin
Structural carbs
97
Cell contents and pectin
NDS (neutral detergent solubles)
98
- Hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin, silica
| - cell wall content of forage
NDF (neutral detergent fiber)
99
Cellulose, lignin, silica
ADF (acid detergent fiber)
100
Measure of apparent digestibility by estimating fecal DM
In vivo digestible dry matter
101
Measure of true digestibility by measuring NDF after digestion
In vitro digestible dry matter
102
Estimate of digestible energy in forage
TDN (total digestible nutrients
103
____have a higher proportion of parenchyma cells
Leaves
104
______have a higher proportion of sclerenchyma cells
Stems
105
Plant cells metabolically active with hardly any secondary cell walls
Parenchyma
106
Plant cells that lack cell contents and contain thick secondary cell walls
Sclerenchyma
107
Estimate of the nutrient concentration of a forage
Forage nutritive value
108
Estimate of the forages ability to support the animals performance
Forage quality
109
Factors that regulate intake?
- distention of gut wall
- rate of passage
- hormonal control
- herd behavior
- palatability
110
Higher NDF indicates higher_________
Cell wall contents
111
_____of digestion is often more important than_______of digestion in determining intake
Rate, extent
112
Hay process?
- Mowing
- Drying
- Baling
- Storage
- Feeding
113
Goal of the drying process?
To obtain <20% that reduces plant and microbial activity as FAST as possible
