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Geo 100 > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

(164 cards)

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1
Q

World Cultural Realms

A
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2
Q

Functional region

A

a region marked less by it’s sameness than it’s dynamic structure

  • a spatial system focused on a central core
  • A region formed by a set of places and their practical integration

(also known as nodal region)

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3
Q

Relative Location

A

In relation to something else, ex: “he’s closer to the desk than me”; qualitative

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4
Q

Convergent Lift

A
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5
Q

Biosphere

A

Atmosphere, lithosphere and lithosphere combined

  • Resources (opportunities) vs. Tolerance (constraints)
  • Biogeography
    • studies the geographic distribution of living organisms
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6
Q

Biomes

A

global scale ecosystem classification sceheme (climates, soil etc.)

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7
Q

Transition Zone

A
  • An area of spatial change where the peripheries of two adjacent realms or regions with
    • marked gradual shift (rather than a sharp break)
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8
Q

Map

A

A 2-D representation of the Earth’s surface that is:

  1. Projected
  2. Reduced
  3. Generalized
  4. Explained
  • Concept of ________ is inseperable from location
  • Aid in understanding of patterns in space
  • Visual means of communications of these relationships
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9
Q

Third World

A

Everyone Else. (Not Economically stable, not fitting into 2nd world because it’s less devel.)

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10
Q

First World

A

West. Europe, USA + Canada, New Zealand, South Korea, Japan

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11
Q

Equal Area Map

A

Area is preserved in this type of projection

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12
Q

Periphery vs. Core

A

_________ ex: Farms

__________ ex: Downtown

______ supports the _________

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13
Q

Conformal Map

A

Shape is preserved in this map projection

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14
Q

Absolute location

A

Quantitative (number attached) ex: “he is 10 metres from the desk”

  • Graticule
  • Latitude + Longitude
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15
Q

Thematic map

A

based on a topic/theme

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16
Q

Line scale

A
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17
Q

What are some concepts in Human Geography?

A

Location, distribution, process + interrelationships

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18
Q

What is a Natural Landscape?

A

the original landscape that exists before it is acted upon by human culture

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19
Q

Culture VS Environment

A

The environement does not control culture and innovation

Reaction to opportunities and constraints, people are the deciding factors not environements

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20
Q

Peters Projection

A
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21
Q

Stream discharge possible factors

A
  • Climate
    • Precipitation (amount and timing)
    • Temperature (evaporation + seasonality)
    • Vegetation
    • Geology
      • Bedrock (porosity permeability)
      • Groundwater
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22
Q

Generalized map characteristics

A
  • Detail through simplification, selection, combintion or smoothhing
  • May be a result of necessity (i.e. scale reduction)
  • May be the mapmakers choice (i.e. information converged)
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23
Q

Realm

A

the result of interaction between human societies and natural elements

geographic _________ change over time

clusters of humans

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24
Q

Koppen Climate System

A
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25
Word scale
ex: 1cm to 1km
26
What is Systematic Geography?
Examines the topic with little regard to location
27
Longitude
measures positions east & west (meridians) * Starting point for longitude in Greenwich, England * "Prime Meridian"
28
What is a topographic map?
A detailed map of the surface features of land
29
Change in distribution suggests what?
Processes
30
Convective lift
heat energy
31
Place Attributes are always changing
No ______ is static, they evolve
32
Solar Radiation
33
Global pressure and wind belts
* NE + SE trade winds * Intertropical convergence (ITC) * Westerlies * Subtropical highs * Subpolar lows * Cordis * Weather comes from west to east (Westerlies) * Tropics have trade winds from East * Clouds close to Equator (lots) * Lift -\> cloud -\> precipitation * 4 types of lift (convergent, mechanical, convection and frontal)
34
What is a bathymetric map?
A bathymetric chart is the submerged equivalent of an above-water topographic map. Bathymetric charts are designed to present accurate, measurable description and visual presentation of the submerged terrain.
35
Second World
Soviet Union, China, Eastern Europe (communist and socialist)
36
What is culture?
Learned attitudes and behaviours Cultural traits: language, games, objects and techniques Cultural complex: language and religion Cultural region: spatially defined Largest cultural realm: several related regions considered together
37
Carrying capacity + logistical strategy
S-Shaped chart
38
Graticule
a network of lines representing meridians and parallels, on which a map or plan can be represented.
39
Reduction (Reduced)
* Linear distances must be made smaller then reality by means of scale reduction * Scales can be word, line or representative fractions * Small scale map vs. large scale map * Small: larger area covered (country shown vs. town) * Large: more detail, way zoomed in (towns shown vs. country)
40
Regions
The criteria we use to identity and define them * Each _______ is a product of the processes and interactions that define them * Formal vs. functional * Location + spatial extent * Hierarchy
41
Representative Fraction (RF) Scale
1: 50,000
42
Global Realm
Based on a spatial criteria Largest geo. units, the inhabiyed world can be divided into them (based on physical and human aspects)
43
Sense of place
* Subjective/emotional response to a place * Behavioural response to a place * Territory + boundaries (boundaries surround our territories) * Ex: Tourism
44
Mathusian Population Chart
45
Mercator Projection
46
Global human regions
Deals with the human landscape ex: population or cultural geography
47
Terrestrial Radiation
Infra-red radiation, long wave, outgoing * Water vapor (invisible) * CO2 * Methane Without the radiation processes, the earth would be 30 degrees cooler
48
Human enviro. interaction
Some suggest this is the crux of geo Opportunities vs. Constraints
49
What are the 5 main themes of Geography?
Location, Place, Movement, Human/Environement Interaction, Regions
50
What is Dualism?
The first natural subdivision of geography (physical vs. human)
51
Topographical map
Indication of how land rises and falls (i.e. relief/elevation)
52
Explained map characteristic
* Marginal information provides additional information ***OR*** * helps decode the map * i.e. legend/key (colour has meaning)
53
Low pressure system
* Divergence in upper atmosphere * Convergence in lower atmospehere
54
What is Geography?
A field of science devoted to the study of the lands, the features, the inhabitants, and the phenomena of Earth. A literal translation would be "to write about the earth".
55
What is a unifying concept in Geography?
Space
56
Major Concepts with "Place"
1. Place attributes are always changing 2. Mental Maps 3. Sense of Place 4. Places interact
57
Ecosystem
inclues both abiotic and biotic matter
58
Latitude
Measures the position north or south (parallels) * Starts at the equator
59
Formal region
marked by a certain degree of similarity in one or more phenomena
60
High pressure system
* Clear skies, cold air (winter), warm temp (summer) * Convergence in upper atmosphere * Divergence in lower atmosphere
61
Places interact
* An understandable or at least identifiable ways * Spactial interaction * Distance * Linear * Time distance * psychological distance * Distance decay * interaction tends to decrease with increasing distance from something * Accessibility of places * Physical/psychological/cultural limitations * Connectivitity of Places * Quantity + quality of routes between places
62
Location
The foundation of Geographic thought, where? * Relative vs. Absolute location * Latitude & Longitude * Maps (& map projections) * Topographical vs. Thematic
63
What is regional geography?
Attention is paid to unique characteristics of a particular region such as natural elements, human elements, and regionalization which covers the techniques of delineating space into regions.
64
Polyconic Projection
65
Place
LOCATION describes SITE whereas _______ describes SITUATION. * Location & site describe internal characteristics * ______ & Situation describe external characteristics + relationships with other places * _______ the combination of human features and physical features that gives relative geographic characteristics EXAMPLE: * Regina: * Site: Latitude & Longitude * Flat glacial lake plain 573 m above sea level (ASL) * Situation: Southern SK
66
Brandt line
67
What are some concepts covered in Physical geography?
Deals with the way geographical phenomena are studied. EX: Systematic (Topical), Regional
68
Historical geo
Carl O. Sauer (1889-1975) founder Said a lanscape and it's cultures in it can only be understood if all it's influenced thru history are taken into account too
69
Developpement
Economic growth =/= developped The test for this is the ability for a society to properly feed, clothe, shelter and educate it's population
70
Hydrologic Cycle
71
What is a physical landscape?
the physical elements of landforms such as (ice-capped) mountains, hills, water bodies such as rivers, lakes, ponds and the sea, living elements of land cover including indigenous vegetation, human elements including different forms of land use, buildings and structures, and transitory elements such as lighting and weather conditions.
72
Projection (Projected)
A 2D representation of a 3D surface must then be projected which can cause distortions in some parts of a map. * Area, shape, distance and direction will not be preserved * Area is preserved in an equal area map * Shape is preserved in a conformal map * Distance is preserved in an equidistant map * Direction is preserved in an azimuthal map
73
Movement
Suggests change or evolution of spatital distributions or patterns and allows us to also examine the temporal aspect of spatial change * Processes (mechanisms of change) * Physical * Geomorphology (landscape evolution) * Biogeography (ecological succession) * Human * Culture geography (diffusion/immigration) * Transport. geography (goods/services) * Medical/health geography (pattern of spead of disease)
74
Hydrosphere
* Unique properties * Occurs naturally as solid liquid and gas * Most universal solvent * Aside from Hg it has the highest surface tension of liquids * Very high heat capacity * High transparency ETC
75
Population Geography
* World pop = ~6.87 bill * Population growth = demographic equation * Natural increase: births-deaths * A change in the population: births - deaths + (immigration-emmigration) * Agricultural revolution = population explosion
76
What is Human Geography?
The branch of the social sciences that deals with world, its people and their communities, cultures, economies and interaction with the environment by emphasizing their relations with and across space and place. Basically: how humans affect things
77
What does Space dictate?
There exists location because of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
78
What is Geomorphology?
the scientific study of the origin and evolution of topographic and bathymetric features created by physical or chemical processes operating at or near Earth's surface.
79
Mental maps
* Combines information + interpretation * What we know vs. what we feel * Can be accurate but can show biases
80
Frontal Lift
81
Orographic/Mechanical Lift
82
Longitude & Latitude
* Spherical Coordinate System * Degrees, minutes, seconds; ex: 1°=60', 1'=60" * Decimal degrees (10° 15'= 10.25°) * Grid is superimposed on the Earth * Each coordinate has a unique coordinate on Earth
83
World Cultural Realms
84
a region marked less by it's sameness than it's dynamic structure * a spatial system focused on a central core * A region formed by a set of places and their practical integration (also known as nodal region)
Functional region
85
In relation to something else, ex: "he's closer to the desk than me"; qualitative
Relative Location
86
Convergent Lift
87
Atmosphere, lithosphere and lithosphere combined * Resources (opportunities) vs. Tolerance (constraints) * Biogeography * studies the geographic distribution of living organisms
Biosphere
88
global scale ecosystem classification sceheme (climates, soil etc.)
Biomes
89
* An area of spatial change where the peripheries of two adjacent realms or regions with * marked gradual shift (rather than a sharp break)
Transition Zone
90
A 2-D representation of the Earth's surface that is: 1. Projected 2. Reduced 3. Generalized 4. Explained * Concept of ________ is inseperable from location * Aid in understanding of patterns in space * Visual means of communications of these relationships
Map
91
Everyone Else. (Not Economically stable, not fitting into 2nd world because it's less devel.)
Third World
92
West. Europe, USA + Canada, New Zealand, South Korea, Japan
First World
93
Area is preserved in this type of projection
Equal Area Map
94
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ex: Farms \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ex: Downtown \_\_\_\_\_\_ supports the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Periphery vs. Core
95
Shape is preserved in this map projection
Conformal Map
96
Quantitative (number attached) ex: "he is 10 metres from the desk" * Graticule * Latitude + Longitude
Absolute location
97
based on a topic/theme
Thematic map
98
Line scale
99
Location, distribution, process + interrelationships
What are some concepts in Human Geography?
100
the original landscape that exists before it is acted upon by human culture
What is a Natural Landscape?
101
The environement does not control culture and innovation Reaction to opportunities and constraints, people are the deciding factors not environements
Culture VS Environment
102
Peters Projection
103
* Climate * Precipitation (amount and timing) * Temperature (evaporation + seasonality) * Vegetation * Geology * Bedrock (porosity permeability) * Groundwater
Stream discharge possible factors
104
* Detail through simplification, selection, combintion or smoothhing * May be a result of necessity (i.e. scale reduction) * May be the mapmakers choice (i.e. information converged)
Generalized map characteristics
105
the result of interaction between human societies and natural elements geographic _________ change over time clusters of humans
Realm
106
Koppen Climate System
107
ex: 1cm to 1km
Word scale
108
Examines the topic with little regard to location
What is Systematic Geography?
109
measures positions east & west (meridians) * Starting point for longitude in Greenwich, England * "Prime Meridian"
Longitude
110
A detailed map of the surface features of land
What is a topographic map?
111
Processes
Change in distribution suggests what?
112
heat energy
Convective lift
113
No ______ is static, they evolve
Place Attributes are always changing
114
Solar Radiation
115
* NE + SE trade winds * Intertropical convergence (ITC) * Westerlies * Subtropical highs * Subpolar lows * Cordis * Weather comes from west to east (Westerlies) * Tropics have trade winds from East * Clouds close to Equator (lots) * Lift -\> cloud -\> precipitation * 4 types of lift (convergent, mechanical, convection and frontal)
Global pressure and wind belts
116
A bathymetric chart is the submerged equivalent of an above-water topographic map. Bathymetric charts are designed to present accurate, measurable description and visual presentation of the submerged terrain.
What is a bathymetric map?
117
Soviet Union, China, Eastern Europe (communist and socialist)
Second World
118
Learned attitudes and behaviours Cultural traits: language, games, objects and techniques Cultural complex: language and religion Cultural region: spatially defined Largest cultural realm: several related regions considered together
What is culture?
119
S-Shaped chart
Carrying capacity + logistical strategy
120
a network of lines representing meridians and parallels, on which a map or plan can be represented.
Graticule
121
* Linear distances must be made smaller then reality by means of scale reduction * Scales can be word, line or representative fractions * Small scale map vs. large scale map * Small: larger area covered (country shown vs. town) * Large: more detail, way zoomed in (towns shown vs. country)
Reduction (Reduced)
122
The criteria we use to identity and define them * Each _______ is a product of the processes and interactions that define them * Formal vs. functional * Location + spatial extent * Hierarchy
Regions
123
1: 50,000
Representative Fraction (RF) Scale
124
Based on a spatial criteria Largest geo. units, the inhabiyed world can be divided into them (based on physical and human aspects)
Global Realm
125
* Subjective/emotional response to a place * Behavioural response to a place * Territory + boundaries (boundaries surround our territories) * Ex: Tourism
Sense of place
126
Mathusian Population Chart
127
Mercator Projection
128
Deals with the human landscape ex: population or cultural geography
Global human regions
129
Infra-red radiation, long wave, outgoing * Water vapor (invisible) * CO2 * Methane Without the radiation processes, the earth would be 30 degrees cooler
Terrestrial Radiation
130
Some suggest this is the crux of geo Opportunities vs. Constraints
Human enviro. interaction
131
Location, Place, Movement, Human/Environement Interaction
What are the 5 main themes of Geography?
132
The first natural subdivision of geography (physical vs. human)
What is Dualism?
133
Indication of how land rises and falls (i.e. relief/elevation)
Topographical map
134
* Marginal information provides additional information ***OR*** * helps decode the map * i.e. legend/key (colour has meaning)
Explained map characteristic
135
* Divergence in upper atmosphere * Convergence in lower atmospehere
Low pressure system
136
A field of science devoted to the study of the lands, the features, the inhabitants, and the phenomena of Earth. A literal translation would be "to write about the earth".
What is Geography?
137
Space
What is a unifying concept in Geography?
138
1. Place attributes are always changing 2. Mental Maps 3. Sense of Place 4. Places interact
Major Concepts with "Place"
139
inclues both abiotic and biotic matter
Ecosystem
140
Measures the position north or south (parallels) * Starts at the equator
Latitude
141
marked by a certain degree of similarity in one or more phenomena
Formal region
142
* Clear skies, cold air (winter), warm temp (summer) * Convergence in upper atmosphere * Divergence in lower atmosphere
High pressure system
143
* An understandable or at least identifiable ways * Spactial interaction * Distance * Linear * Time distance * psychological distance * Distance decay * interaction tends to decrease with increasing distance from something * Accessibility of places * Physical/psychological/cultural limitations * Connectivitity of Places * Quantity + quality of routes between places
Places interact
144
The foundation of Geographic thought, where? * Relative vs. Absolute location * Latitude & Longitude * Maps (& map projections) * Topographical vs. Thematic
Location
145
Attention is paid to unique characteristics of a particular region such as natural elements, human elements, and regionalization which covers the techniques of delineating space into regions.
What is regional geography?
146
Polyconic Projection
147
LOCATION describes SITE whereas _______ describes SITUATION. * Location & site describe internal characteristics * ______ & Situation describe external characteristics + relationships with other places * _______ the combination of human features and physical features that gives relative geographic characteristics EXAMPLE: * Regina: * Site: Latitude & Longitude * Flat glacial lake plain 573 m above sea level (ASL) * Situation: Southern SK
Place
148
Brandt line
149
Deals with the way geographical phenomena are studied. EX: Systematic (Topical), Regional
What are some concepts covered in Physical geography?
150
Carl O. Sauer (1889-1975) founder Said a lanscape and it's cultures in it can only be understood if all it's influenced thru history are taken into account too
Historical geo
151
Economic growth =/= developped The test for this is the ability for a society to properly feed, clothe, shelter and educate it's population
Developpement
152
Hydrologic Cycle
153
the physical elements of landforms such as (ice-capped) mountains, hills, water bodies such as rivers, lakes, ponds and the sea, living elements of land cover including indigenous vegetation, human elements including different forms of land use, buildings and structures, and transitory elements such as lighting and weather conditions.
What is a physical landscape?
154
A 2D representation of a 3D surface must then be projected which can cause distortions in some parts of a map. * Area, shape, distance and direction will not be preserved * Area is preserved in an equal area map * Shape is preserved in a conformal map * Distance is preserved in an equidistant map * Direction is preserved in an azimuthal map
Projection (Projected)
155
Suggests change or evolution of spatital distributions or patterns and allows us to also examine the temporal aspect of spatial change * Processes (mechanisms of change) * Physical * Geomorphology (landscape evolution) * Biogeography (ecological succession) * Human * Culture geography (diffusion/immigration) * Transport. geography (goods/services) * Medical/health geography (pattern of spead of disease)
Movement
156
* Unique properties * Occurs naturally as solid liquid and gas * Most universal solvent * Aside from Hg it has the highest surface tension of liquids * Very high heat capacity * High transparency ETC
Hydrosphere
157
* World pop = ~6.87 bill * Population growth = demographic equation * Natural increase: births-deaths * A change in the population: births - deaths + (immigration-emmigration) * Agricultural revolution = population explosion
Population Geography
158
The branch of the social sciences that deals with world, its people and their communities, cultures, economies and interaction with the environment by emphasizing their relations with and across space and place. Basically: how humans affect things
What is Human Geography?
159
There exists location because of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
What does Space dictate?
160
the scientific study of the origin and evolution of topographic and bathymetric features created by physical or chemical processes operating at or near Earth's surface.
What is Geomorphology?
161
* Combines information + interpretation * What we know vs. what we feel * Can be accurate but can show biases
Mental maps
162
Frontal Lift
163
Orographic/Mechanical Lift
164
* Spherical Coordinate System * Degrees, minutes, seconds; ex: 1°=60', 1'=60" * Decimal degrees (10° 15'= 10.25°) * Grid is superimposed on the Earth * Each coordinate has a unique coordinate on Earth
Longitude & Latitude

Geo 100 (4 decks)

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