Midterm Flashcards
1
Q
Dairy- calf concerns birth to 2-4 hours
A
colostrum, naval health
2
Q
Dairy- offer grain to calves
A
day 3
3
Q
Beef- Considerations for IM site choice
A
Most effective and least apt to damage muscle
4
Q
Dairy- cell makeup of teat canal
A
Squamous epithelium and thick layer of keratin
5
Q
Beef- 10 factors of calf survival
A
Maternal traits, GI dz, resp dz, other dz, dam lactation, udder status, milk production, trauma, climate, congenital defects
6
Q
Why avoid liner slips
A
Causes milk droplets and air to rush toward another teat and if there is an organism, it can penetrate far enough into teat canal to cause mastitis
7
Q
Dairy- qty of coliforms shed in milk
A
Low numbers
8
Q
2 types of vax
A
Modified live/attenuated and inactivated/non-infectious/killed
9
Q
Beef- public health goals
A
Food chain quality assurance, drug residue avoidance, microbial contamination avoidance. Health livestock=wholesome product
10
Q
Beef- Determining factors of degree of parasitism
A
age, weather, environment, stocking rate, pasture management, parasite type
11
Q
Dairy- 6 steps of mastitis control
A
Proper milking management, environmental control, dry cow therapy, milking machine maintenance, treatment protocols, vax
12
Q
Beef- what are non-fed cattle
A
Cattle not raised directly for beef- beef and dairy dams
13
Q
Dairy- abx for strep ag
A
Penicillin and others
14
Q
Dairy- 3 criteria for calf housing
A
clean/dry, good natural ventilation, prevent calf-calf contact
15
Q
Dairy- when do calves eat grain
A
21-28 days
16
Q
Beef- how long to reach dinner table
A
14-22 months
17
Q
Poultry- Coronavirus- describe
A
Enveloped
18
Q
Dairy- how often move hutches in wet weather? dry?
A
3-4 days, up to 10 days
19
Q
Advantages inactivated/non-infectious/killed vax
A
No replication in host, no change to virulence, safer
20
Q
What is immunoprophylaxis
A
Enhancement of an immune response to protect from disease
21
Q
Characteristics of coliform mastitis
A
sudden marked affected quarter swelling, fever, tremor, rumen stasis, dehydration, diarrhea; udder secretion starts serous with no leukocytes (pus) or fibrin- later have outpouring of fibrin and leukocytes
22
Q
2 forms of immunoprophylaxis
A
Vaccination and passive transfer
23
Q
What is the window of susceptibility
A
Critical period where maternal Ab go away and not enough acquired immunity has been produced to mount an appropriate immune response from 7-11 weeks
24
Q
Dairy- 5 signs of inflammation
A
redness, swelling, heat, pain, less function
25
Dairy- herds with low somatic cell counts are at increased risk of what type of infection
Coliform due to the protective effect of elevated SCC
26
Dairy- 5 environmental pathogens causing mastitis
strep uberis, strep dysgalactia, staph coag neg, coliforms, t. pyogenes
27
What are inactivated/non-infectious/killed vax
Whole agent, purified subunit or recombinant protein
28
Dairy- What organism causes a coffee ground appearance to milk
Mycoplasma
29
Dairy- colostrum when
ASAP- within 2 hours (2-3L) and again within 4-6
30
When should heifers be moved to calving area
10-14 days prior
31
Beef- 3 risks of processing growing calves
Castration, dehorning, immunizing
32
Dairy- frequency of feeding calf in individual housing under 4-8 weeks
2x/day out of open faced bucket
33
Modified live/attenuated vax
Contain whole agent or recombinant vector
34
Poultry- What causes ascites
Metabolic causes - not bacteria or virus
35
Poultry- What virus causes infectious bronchitis
Variants of coronavirus
36
Beef- goals for animal well being
Good production practices, quality handling facilities, clean environment, nutrition
37
Dairy- most severe form of mastitis
Peracute- CS develop over 4-12 hours and have systemic portion
38
Dairy- What vax prevent mastitis
e. coli (also, but not recommended: staph aureus, mycoplasma bovis)
39
Dairy- Bacterial cause of mastitis that does not actively invade tissue
Strep agalactiae
40
What 4 factors affect the offspring's Ab level
Maternal Ab titer, amount of colostrum received, parasitism, environment
41
Pathogenesis of strep ag
Subclinical inflammatory reaction blocks milk collection/prevents drainage, Involution of mammary tissue, irritant accumulates/intensifies, secretory tissue --\> scar tissue --\> atrophying the mammary gland
42
Dairy- What environmental strep infection is easily mistaken for strep ag
strep uberis
43
Dairy- how many calves in a group under 21 days
44
Beef- 4 components of post-breeding bull managment
determine breeding season success, PE, repro exam, vax, parasite control
45
Dairy- 4 coliforms that cause mastitis
e. coli, klebsiella, serratia, aeromonas
46
Dairy- weaning vax
NONE! no extra stress for one week surrounding
47
What program is more complex, breeder or layer
Breeder
48
Beef- procedures to be done at calving
ID tag, birth weight, naval care, castration, vitamin E/A/D/selenium, records
49
Dairy- california mastitis test
Indirect SCC in milk good screening for subclinical mastitis in a herd
50
Dairy- idea heifer weight 11-13 months
\>750 lb
51
Dairy- post-weaning pen numbers
52
Beef- when are calves weaned
7-9 months
53
Beef- 3 factors that affect time to conception
cyclicity, uterine health, nutrition
54
Beef- What is the preferred place for IM injection in beef cow
Hands-width in front of scapula
55
Dairy- 2 orgs controlled by dry cow therapy
Strep ag, staph aureus
56
Beef- age when reach market weight
90-150 days
57
Who makes up the management team
Vet, shelter manager, others that control population size and animal movement
58
Dairy- target heifer BCS for calving
3-3.5
59
Why does DHIA report SCC as a natural log transformation
Eliminates extreme values from changing mean, allows direct estimation of milk production losses at each SCC level
60
Dairy- deworm schedule
4m, 5m, 8-9m, 11-13m
61
Advantages of modified live/attenuated
Replicates in host, longer lasting, fewer reactions, stimulates cell mediated immunity better
62
Colony immunity
Resistance of the group of animals to invasion and spread of infectious disease
63
Dairy- 4 month vax
IBR/PI3/BRSV/BVD, lepto 5 way, (+/- pink eye, deworm)
64
Dairy- 2 options for milk delivery in group housing
ad lib (nipple bar) or mechanized
65
Dairy- preliminary incubation count
number of bacteria growing after refrigerated incubation- tells how many grow at cold temps
66
Dairy- recovery time for mastitis from coliforms- what causes it
1-2 weeks, inflammatory process stops further multiplication of the org
67
Disadvantages inactivated/non-infectious/killed vax
Require more vax, more allergenic, need adjuvant, shorter immunity duration
68
Dairy- 5 procedures at 5 months
brucella abortis option vax, deworm, weigh, extra teat removal, lepto 5 way
69
Dairy- How much strep ag is excreted in milk
large numbers of bacteria
70
Beef- what are fed cattle
Cattle raised for the beef industry
71
Dairy- when should heifer calve, what are the advantages
24 months- better lifetime production, decreased 1st parturition health issues, decreased raising cost
72
Beef- how can you avoid hide defects
Dehorning, safe enclosures
73
Dairy- rate of calf growth at one month
1.8 lb/day
74
Dairy- 1 month calf vax
7 way clostridium, IBR/PI3/BRSV/BVD (2x, 3 weeks apart)
75
Dairy- How much s. aureus is shed in milk
Low numbers
76
Beef- goals of success for food animal
Efficient livestock production, marketability, quality assured
77
2 post milking steps
dip all 4 with post-milking disinfectant, send cow to feed bunk full of fresh feed and water
78
Dairy- First and most important line of defense against invasion by bacteria to the mammary gland
Teat canal
79
Beef- Time period for mixing lg qty of vaccines
1 hour at a time
80
Dairy- vax/injections for newbords
Vitamin E/selenium, Vit A and D, IBR/PI3/BRSV IN
81
Dairy- test calves for colostral intake, preferred result
2-8 days, \>5.5 g/dL
82
Dairy- IBR/PI3/BRSV/BVD vax schedule
1, 4, 11-13
83
Beef- when should calf be dehorned
4-6 months
84
Beef- Selection criteria for breeding bulls
13-15 months old, virgin/disease free, herd of origin dz free, performance train assessment
85
What is a liner slip
Milking unit slides down teat and seal between liner and teat is broken- causes air to go into unit and cause vacuum differential between slip liner and other intact liners and teats
86
Dairy- dirty environment causes what in calves
naval infection or septicemia
87
Dairy- What hemolysin is associated with gangrenous mastitis
Alpha
88
Disadvantages of IN/oral vax
Revert to virulence, reactions
89
Dairy- subacute mastitis
Subdued classic mastitis signs and no systemic effects- cow fine, teat inflamed
90
Can coronavirus invade other tissues besides respiratory
Yes, some strains do
91
Dairy- 4 primary udder pathogens causing mastitis
S. aureus, strep agalactiae, mycoplasma, strep. dysgalactia
92
Dairy- Control mycoplasma infections in the herd
Control stress
93
Beef- 2 risk factors for maintaining pregnancy
disease, toxins
94
Dairy- how are endotxins released in coliform mastitis
Leukocytes destroy bacteria releasing toxins
95
Cor vax for cats
Panleukopenia, herpes, calici, rabies
96
List in order of priority each group of animals that are handled in the shelter
Puppies/kittens - pregnant females - young adults - adults- quarantined animals - isolation/sick animals
97
Dairy- 99% of mastitis is due to what 5 orgs
strep ag, staph aureus, strep uberis, strep dysgalactia, coliforms
98
Poultry- Most to least aggressive vaccine routes
fine spray, coarse spray, eye drops, drinking water
99
Response time for modified live/attenuated parenteral vax
7-10 days
100
Dairy- control strep ag in a herd
post-milk teat disinfection, treat dry cows, Blitz treatment
101
Dairy- calves most susceptible to dz
birth and weaning
102
Non-core vax for cats
FeLV (core in kittens), FIV, FIP, chamydophila, bordetella
103
High lab pasteurize count indicates?
How well milking equipment is being cleaned- water to clean equipment must be hot enough
104
Beef- 6 risk factors for growing calf survival
GI or muscle, dz, parasitism, resp dz, other dz, toxin, trauma
105
Dairy- standard plate count
Count of all bacteria in the milk- pathogenic and non
106
Dairy- determine success of passive transfer
serum total protein
107
Beef- 7 major concerns of cow health in calving season
External parasites, internal parasites, trauma, nutrition, GI dz, toxicosis, misc disease
108
Beef- stocker grower phase?
8-15 months
109
Dairy- tx teat before milking
clean and dry before entering parlor, predip all 4 with premilking disinfectant and allow sufficient contact time, draw off severa streams looking for mastitis, remove predip with papertowels or clean disinfected towels, hang milking unit on cow and adjust (dip- strip- wipe- hang)
110
Dairy- when to tag and remove calves for individual housing
less than 12 hours of life
111
Dairy- importance of keratin layer of teat canal
Bacteriostatic properties
112
Why control flies?
Pink eye
113
Dairy- What environmental strep follows teat injury or is enhanced by teat lesions
Strep dysgalactia
114
What does the lab pasteurized count tell you
number of bacteria growing after pasteurization- thermophiles
115
Dairy- how long should heifers be left alone before breeding
3 weeks
116
Dairy- group housing after weaning- when
1-3 weeks
117
Non core vax for dogs
Coronavirus, parainfluenza, lepto, bordetella, lyme, influenza
118
Dairy- 6-13 months, calves per pen
50-75
119
Beef- what should be on the record for a group of cattle
Date, time, place; product info; routes and doses; placement of product; withdrawal times, warnings
120
Dairy- Most common clinical form of mastitis, most common form of mastitis
Subacute, Subclinical
121
Beef- 3 bull factors that affect conception and pregnancy
Repro soundness, nutritional state, disease risk
122
Dairy- clinical presentation of mycoplasma
Mastitis in one quarter that spreads to the other quarters in 1-3 days
123
Dairy- 3 major components to control mastitis
Milk only dry teats, post milking teat dip, dry cow therapy
124
Dairy- What is dry cow therapy
All functional quarters of all cows should be tx with long acting intramammary abx at dry off time following aseptic technique
125
Dairy- what peracute infection can lead to gangrenous quarters
Staph aureus
126
Beef- 7 hazards of beef- ranch to table
Biological (bacterial/parasitic), natural toxins, physical, chemical residues, feed additives, feed decomposition, microbial contaminants
127
Poultry- Popularity of meat in US most to least
Chicken, beef, pork, fish
128
Goal of preventative medicing
Maximize health and production by minimizing stress, provide best housing, good nutrition, parasite control, disease prevention
129
Advantages for modified live/attenuated parenteral vax vs IN/oral
Virulence not as common, fewer reactions
130
Dairy- what type of s. aureus is most common
Subclinical and chronic
131
Beef- benefit of proper restraint
Avoid bruising, injury of personnel, facilitate vax technique
132
Dairy- dehorn calves when
Cautery- 1 month, paste: 12-24 hours
133
Dairy- qty of colostrum needed of good/excellent
5-6L, 4L
134
5 Cs of dairy calf raising
Cleanliness, comfort, calories, colostrum, consistency
135
Dairy- instruments to test colostrum
colostrometer, brix total solids refractometer
136
Dairy- dx subclinical
Tests applied to milk to demonstrate inflammation products like leukocytes, fibrin clots and serum
137
Dairy- What % of mature body size should a heifer be at first calving (what weight)
85% - 1200 lb
138
Beef- 5 components of pre-breeding managment for the bull
BSE, immunization, parasite control, nutrition, trim hooves
139
Disadvantage of california mastitis test
Not good for differntiating between infected and non-infected (\> or
140
Dairy- offer water to calves?
day 1
141
Poultry- ideal feed conversion
142
Beef- 7 principles of HACCP risk assessment
Hazard analysis, critical control points, critical limits, system to monitor control of CCP, determine corrective actions when CCP not met, procedure for verification that HACCP program is working, document all procedures
143
Why milk out a cow
Let over milk predisposes to mastitis
144
Beef- 4 components of emergency prep
Assess potential problems, client education, availability of supplies and drugs, establish protocols
145
Dairy- subclinical mastitis
Inflammation present but no gross signs
146
Dairy- Why cant you treat s. aureus with penicillins of beta lactams
Bacteria produce penicillinase and beta-lactamas- abx cant penetrate the connective tissue of the abcesses
147
Advantages of IN/oral vax
Quick response time, higher IgA levels
148
Disadvantages of modified live/attenuated
Can become virulent again, immune suppression
149
Dairy- why avoid stress on way to parlor
Adrenaline overcomes let-down hormone action
150
Dairy- control fly strike in wet/hot/humid weather
calves on sand or clipped grass
151
Dairy- how many calves in a group 21-56 days
40-50
152
Dairy- Benefit of eval bulk tank milk
Good for herd trends
153
Core vax for dogs
Distemper, parvo, infectious hepatitis, rabies
154
Dairy- 4 methods of monitoring herd mastitis status
clinical cases, bulk milk eval, california mastitis test, individual SCC (somatic cell count)
155
Dairy- 4 general steps of premilking management
Strip, dip, wipe, hang (dip optional and can come after strip)
156
Dairy- what is the only form of mastitis where blitz tx is effective
Strep Ag \*\*\*
157
Beef- How man times can a needle be used before changing
10-15 times or when its burred, dulled or contaminated
158
How long is the response time for IN or oral modified live/attenuated vax
3-5 days
159
Beef- 3 parasite control strategies
Minimize contamination via deworm when grazing season starts (before egg shedding occurs) and time therapy to seasonal grazing patterns; Balance stocking rates; Rotate pastures
160
Poultry- When should you vax
Before the immune system develops
