Midterm

Question 1

Where does coding start

Answer 1

retina

Question 2

What is plato’s theory of form

Answer 2

we don’t see the real world, just an image of the real world

Question 3

Who founded the school of structuralism

Answer 3

Wundt

Question 4

What is structuralism

Answer 4

the study of the structure of consciousness

Question 5

What method was used by wundt to examine the structure of consciousness

Answer 5

introspection

Question 6

What notable thing did titchener do

Answer 6

created one of the 1st North American Labs

Question 7

What is stimulus error

Answer 7

describing the stimulus instead of the mental experience during introspection

Question 8

What are the two problems of introspection

Answer 8

The bosses decided whether or not the introspection was valid, and you cannot introspect on many mental processes and structures.

Question 9

Who is most closely associated with functionalism

Answer 9

James

Question 10

According to James what is primary memory

Answer 10

Active or immediate memory

Question 11

According to James what is secondary memory

Answer 11

Passive or long term memory

Question 12

Who is most closely associated with associationism

Answer 12

Ebbinghaus

Question 13

What experiment did Ebbinghaus use to do experiments without previous associations getting in the way

Answer 13

CVC

Question 14

What did Hebb do

Answer 14

linked perception and learning with physiology (neuroscience)

Question 15

What is connectionism

Answer 15

A cell assembly process that studies how neurons assemble into structures

Question 16

What is the focus of communication theory

Answer 16

the limits of what you can send

Question 17

What are the two assumptions of the cognitive approach

Answer 17

Determinism and finite causation

Question 18

What does the cognitive assumption of determinism mean

Answer 18

the universe is lawful and orderly

Question 19

What does the cognitive assumption of finite causation

Answer 19

there are a limited number of factors that will influence an outcome

Question 20

What are the three type of memory stores

Answer 20

sensory, short, and long

Question 21

What is long term potentiation

Answer 21

when two neurons fire simultaneously it becomes easier for them to connect again and again

Question 22

What part of the brain does all sensory information pass through

Answer 22

thalamus

Question 23

What brain structure connects the right and left hemispheres

Answer 23

the corpus collosum

Question 24

What is the hippocampus involved with

Answer 24

forming new memories, and consolidating memories (especially emotional ones)

Question 25

What does the dorsal pathway do in regards to vision

Answer 25

it processes where something is in space

Question 26

What does the ventral pathway do in regards to vision

Answer 26

processes what a thing is

Question 27

what are two neuroimaging techniques that show the brains structure

Answer 27

CT scans (xray) and MRI

Question 28

What are three neuroimaging techniques that use electricity to look at brain function

Answer 28

EEG, Single cell recording, and transcranial magnetic stimulation

Question 29

Where are rods and cones located

Answer 29

the back of the retina

Question 30

Are rods or cones more associated with daylight vision and colours

Answer 30

cones

Question 31

What are rods more closely associated with

Answer 31

night vision

Question 32

After light or stimuli imposes on the retina/rods/cones what are the two next steps before it reaches the thalamus

Answer 32

rods and cones connect to bipolar cells, bipolar cells projects onto bundles of ganglion cells which form the optic nerve

Question 33

Do we have more rods or cones

Answer 33

rods

Question 34

What is the fovea associated with and what happens if there is damage to the fovea

Answer 34

the fovea is associated with detail. Damage to the fovea causes you to see a hole wherever you focus

Question 35

How long do saccades last

Answer 35

25 ms- 175 ms

Question 36

How long does visual short term memory last

Answer 36

200-500 ms

Question 37

Describe spellings work on sensory memory capacity

Answer 37

did a study, showed one group a list of items and they were told to remember everything (people only got about 3 out of 9 correct). Another group saw a list of items but only had to remember the cued items (almost 100% accuracy)

Question 38

What experiment did erike and collins do to understand the length of sensory memory

Answer 38

the VOH dot experiment

Question 39

How long does it take to encode something into sensory memory

Answer 39

50 ms

Question 40

What kind of features and characteristics do we code about items

Answer 40

primitive and non semantic features

Question 41

In Averbach & Coriell's work on circle and bar cues, what happened to the letter that had a circle cue after a 100 ms interval

Answer 41

it disappeared.

Question 42

Are pattern masks or energy masks more effective

Answer 42

pattern masks

Question 43

What is monocular masking

Answer 43

when you show a target and a mask to one eye

Question 44

what is binocular masking

Answer 44

when you show the target and the mask to both eyes

Question 45

what is dichoptic masking

Answer 45

when you show a target to one eye and a man to another eye

Question 46

With what kind of masking do energy masks work

Answer 46

monocular and binocular masking

Question 47

With what kind of masking do pattern masks work

Answer 47

all types of masking, binocular, monocular, and dichoptic

Question 48

In regards to pattern recognition what is the template model

Answer 48

suggests that we have templates in our minds and these templates recognize objects as they enter into our sensory system

Question 49

Why doesn't the template model work for humans (2 reasons)

Answer 49

We would need an unlimited amount go templates to recognize everything that we see, second our world consists of irregular things that wouldn't identically match our templates

Question 50

What is the feature model of recognition

Answer 50

Suggests that complex objects are composed of simple features. We recognize the features that make up objects or patterns

Question 51

Explain Neisser's high speed scanning task to test the feature model of object recognition

Answer 51

Told people to look for a letter in a bunch of letters, looked at participants speed when the target letter was mixed in with letters of similar features, and looked at how fast people found the target when it was among letters that didn't have similar features

Question 52

Letvin looked at the retina of frogs and the activation of individual cells. What kind of specialized cells do we have

Answer 52

cells that detect edges, moving edges, dimming, convex edges (small circular dot, like fly)

Question 53

According to Hubel and Wiesal what are four different kinds of cells

Answer 53

Simple cells, complex cells, hypercomplex cells, and WXY cells

Question 54

What are characteristics of simple cells

Answer 54

they detect simple patterns of light, they are location specific, and would respond to edges, slits, and lines.

Question 55

What are characteristics of complex cells

Answer 55

they are the same as simple cells but they are not location specific.

Question 56

What are the characteristics of hypercomplex cells

Answer 56

they can detect moving lines.

Question 57

What are the characteristics of WXY cells

Answer 57

they can detect the speed of things

Question 58

What is another term for bottom up processing

Answer 58

data driven processing

Question 59

Why do gestalt principles challenge the feature model

Answer 59

it shows that we can process things as a whole.

Question 60

What were Avant and Lyndall's findings on masking meaningful stimuli versus unmeaningful stimuli

Answer 60

to have an equally strong mask for a meaningful stimuli you need to shorten the interval between the stimuli and the mask

Question 61

What term is utilized to describe the fact that people do better at identifying a target letter when it is in a word than when it is on its own

Answer 61

word superiority effect

Question 62

What explains the word superiority effect

Answer 62

the parallel feedback loop

Question 63

What is repetition blindness and does it support the idea of bottom up processing or top down processing

Answer 63

we tend not to see stimuli that we don't expect to see (the the). This suggests top down processing.

Question 64

What is RSVP

Answer 64

rapid serial visual presentation

Question 65

What is RBC

Answer 65

Recognition by components

Question 66

According to Biederman what are objects composed of

Answer 66

Geons

Question 67

What are the 2 main problems with Biedermans recognition by components

Answer 67

It also assumes processing to be bottom up, the other problem is that we can perceive the whole object instead of its components (or goons)

Question 68

What is agnosia

Answer 68

The inability to recognize objects

Question 69

What is prosopagnosia

Answer 69

disruption of face recognition

Question 70

What is apperceptive agnosia

Answer 70

disruption in perceiving whole patterns (can only process basic features)

Question 71

Damage to what part o the brain is associated with apperceptive agnosia

Answer 71

the right parietal hemisphere

Question 72

What is associative agnosia and damage to what part of the brain is associated with it?

Answer 72

Not being able to associate meaning to objects. damage in both sides in parietal hemispheres

Question 73

What are the 3 steps in the process of object recognition

Answer 73

perception of features, integration of features into larger whole pattern, association of pattern to meaning.

Question 74

What are two types of visual attentions

Answer 74

spaced-based and object-based