Midterm Flashcards
(44 cards)
Sho’ah
It is Hebrew for “great cosmic disaster.”
Word was chosen as another way of referring to the Jewish Holocaust because many people dislike calling the massive systematic killing of Jews the Holocaust
Ashkenazi
A type of European Jew. They mostly spoke Yiddish and were the primary victims of the Holocaust.
French Revolution
1789 - 1815.
Peasants revolted and overthrew the monarchy, which was followed by the execution of the king.
A republic replaced the monarchy, which allowed the Jews to be emancipated. However, in turn they became an even greater enemy of the nation.
(Jewish) Emancipation
The incorporation of Jews into society, which began with the French Revolution.
Martin Luther
1483 - 1546.
A German monk and an antisemite who lived in Germany, Wittenberg for most of his life. He became an influential antisemite because the Jews did not want to convert to christianity.
Spanish Expulsion
1492.
Jews were being removed or segregated from the Spanish christian society because they were seen as religious enemies. They were also being removed or segregated from other regions for similar reasons.
Ritual Murder Accusation (Blood Libel)
1144.
In Norwich, England Jews were accused for the first time for kidnapping and murdering christian children in order to use their blood as part of their rituals. This was something the Russian Empire believed at the time, which just increased their hate for Jews.
A myth that Jews were accused of up until the 1930s
Antisemitism
Hostility, prejudice, and discrimination against Jews due to chimerical and xenophobic accusations.
Wilhelm Marr invented the word antisemitism and accused Jews of being powerful aliens invaders.
Wilhelm Marr
1819 - 1904.
An antisemite who was born in Germany and made the word antisemite popular. He argued that because Jews were winning a race war against Germans that they needed to be removed from the country because not even complete assimilation would solve this battle.
He played a big role in initiating ruthless antisemitic feelings after his death.
Heinrich Von Treitschke
1834 - 1896.
An antisemitic, anti-liberal, and anti-socialist german nationalist who wrote mostly during the 70s, 80s, and 90s.
He accused German Jews for refusing to assimilate and being Germanys misfortune.
Nationalism/ Nation State
A state that is a democracy ( based on the rule of the people).
Many regions in Europe becoming nation states during the 18th and 19th centuries.
Creation of homogeneous societies ( nazi movement would not have been possible w/o nationalism).
Establishment of German Nation State (German Empire)
1871.
A German nation was created under Prussian dominance w/ the exclusion of Austria. Outcome of the Prussian wars.
Herero Genocide
1904 - 1907
One of the first genocides of the 20th century. It was a campaign of racial extermination and collective punishment that the German Empire undertook in German South-West Africa against the Herero and Nama people. Not the same as the Jewish Genocide because Germany had prejudice towards Africans.
WWI
1914 - 1918.
A global war in Europe were the allies fought the central powers in which the allies came out as victorious. Ended with the Treaty of Versailles.
One of the two wars that led to the nazi genocide
Armenian Genocide
1915 - 1923.
The genocide was due to the Turkish wanting to eliminate the threat to their community, which were the Armenians.
October Revolution
Feb 1917
A communist revolution were communists take over Russia.
Nazi people think that the Jewish takeover begins with this revolution because they believe that communists and Jews are the same.
Stab in the Back
A notion believed by Germany that they did not lose WWI but were instead were forced and betrayed by Jewish civilians for signing the treaty of versailles.
Weimar Republic
1919 - 1933.
The Republic was able to rise because of the suicide mission that the navy was sent to. This angered people and made them rebel, which in turn led to the weimar republic and the signing of the treaty of versailles.
People of Germany blamed the republic, which was partly made up of Jews, for their defeat in WWI rather than their wartime leaders because they signed the treaty.
Yiddish
A language used by the Jews in central and eastern Europe before the holocaust.
Most Jews who were victims of the Holocaust spoke Yiddish.
Treaty of Versailles
Signed in 1919 at the palace of versailles in France.
It was a cease fire agreement between the allies and Germany.
Great Depression
1929 - 39.
A long lasting economic downturn. Germany was affected badly b/c it was trying to heal from WWI and the 1923 hyperinflation
A lot of unemployment.
Rich Jews were blamed and in turn all Jews were blamed for taking all the money during the depression.
Adolf Hitler
1889 - 1945.
Born in Austria.
Antisemitic German politician and leader of Nazi Party.
Initiated WWII and was central to the holocaust.
National Socialist German Workers Party/ Nazi Party
Political party in Germany that was active from 1920 - 45
At first it was anti communist, anti capitalist, anti big business, and anti bourgeois.
1930s it became anti semitic and anti Marxist.
Adolf hitler = party leader.
Fascism
Became very popular after WWI.
Hypernationalist party that is anti-parliamentarian, anti-liberal, anti-communist, populist and anti-proletarian. Partly anti-capitalist, anti-bourgeois, and anti-clerical.
Aim of national and social integration through a single party and cooperative representation.
