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Pathology (Final) > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

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1
Q

Cellular adaptation is the result of a persistent _____ or _____.

A

stress or injury

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2
Q

Adaptive responses are potentially (reversible/irreversible) once the stress has been removed but some of the adaptation may progress to _____.

A

malignancy

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3
Q

What is Hypertrophy?

A

Increase in cell size and function.

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4
Q

What is Hyperplasia?

A

Increase in the number of cells leading to increased volume, seen in the dividing cells.

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5
Q

Is hyperplasia reversible?

A

Yes, if the stimulus is removed

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6
Q

What is Metaplasia? Is it reversible?

A

One adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type.

Potentially reversible

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7
Q

What is Dysplasia?

A

Disordered maturation of cells.

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8
Q

What stage is Dysplasia?

A

Premalignant stage

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9
Q

Examples of physiological hypertrophy?

A

Muscles, hypertrophy with exercise (weight lifter)

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10
Q

Examples of pathological hypertrophy?

A

Left ventricular hypertrophy (Cardiac muscles hypertension)

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11
Q

What are the 3 main causes of Hypertrophy?

A

-Increased mechanical demand
-Increased endocrine stimulation: Puberty (Growth hormone, androgens, or estrogen) Or lactating breast (prolactin and estrogen)
-Adaptive response: In some organs e.g. heart, skeletal muscle, such adaptive responses are accomplished mainly by increased cell size.
In some organs, both number and size can both increase.

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12
Q

For a pregnant women, the uterus is undergoing what? Is this physiological or pathological?

A

Hypertrophy; physiological

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13
Q

What is goiter?

A

Enlargement of the thyroid gland

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14
Q

When a patient presents high blood pressure, is this pathological or physiological?

A

Pathological

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15
Q

During puberty, hypertrophy is considered? (Patho/Physio)

A

Physiological

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16
Q

Spleenomegaly and livernomegaly are enlargement of organs. This is known as?

A

Hyperplasia

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17
Q

Cells increase in number is through what process?

A

Mitosis (Hyperplasia)

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18
Q

Is Hyperplasia reversible?

A

Yes

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19
Q

Is Dysplasia reversible?

A

Very difficult to control, unlikely to reverse.

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20
Q

End result of Heart Hypertrophy is that it eventually reaches a _____ which enlargement of muscle mass is no longer able to compensate for the increased burden.

A

Limit

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21
Q

If the stress that triggered the cardiac hypertrophy does not stop, the organ will most likely proceed to failure, e.g. _____ _____ can lead to ischemia, necrosis, and heart failure.

A

persistent hypertension

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22
Q

If person is coming with chest pain with history of hypertension, troponin is increased what is the diagnosis?

A

Myocardial infraction

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23
Q

What are the 4 Mechanism of Hypertrophy? (Example of each)

A
  • Growth factor stimulation (Insulin growth Factor-1 (IGF-1))
  • Neuroendocrine stimulation (Adrenergic or noradrenergic)
  • Ion channels (Increased demand: Calcium channel activity)
  • Other chemical mediators (Nitric oxide (NO))
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24
Q

Resistance training like muscle strengthening by lifting weights is mediated by increased _____ and other growth factors (such as growth hormone)

A

Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)

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25
Due to severe damage to the membranes, lysosomal enzymes enter the cytoplasm and digest the cell, which lead to leaking of cellular contents resulting in what?
Necrosis
26
______ is always a pathologic process.
Necrosis
27
Q. 60-Years old man hypertensive for 10 years , has blood pressure of 160/98 mm Hg. Which of the following cellular changes will be seen in his heart? A. Atrophy B. Hyperplasia C. Hypertrophy (Pulmonary edema)
C. Hypertrophy (Pulmonary edema)
28
_______ is a form of cell death that is characterized by: nuclear dissolution, fragmentation of the cell without complete loss of membrane integrity rapid removal of the cellular debris.
Aptosis
29
Apoptosis serves many normal functions and is not necessarily associated with ______
cell injury.
30
The T in the TIPS of cell injury stands for?
Toxins: like chemical , drugs (e.g. paracetamol) , poisons (e.g. paraquat, cyanide, carbon mono oxide)
31
What are the 4 Mechanism of Hypertrophy? (Example of each)
- Growth factor stimulation (Insulin growth Factor-1 (IGF-1)) - Neuroendocrine stimulation (Adrenergic or noradrenergic) - Ion channels (Increased demand: Calcium channel activity) - Other chemical mediators
32
The I in the TIPS of cell injury stands for?
Infection: like viruses, rickettsia, bacteria, fungi, parasites and aautoimmune diseases, etc.
33
The P in the TIPS of cell injury stands for?
Physical Injury (mechanical, chemical, thermal, burns, freezing)
34
The S in the TIPS of cell injury stands for?
Serum deficit injury (nutrition, hydration, oxygenation)
35
______ is associated with increased incidence of several important diseases, such as diabetes and cancer
Obesity
36
Increase____ causes activation of enzymes which degrade membrane.
Calcium
37
During menopause of female uterus, what is at play?
Atrophy
38
Mitochondrial permeability leak _____ which will triggers apoptotic mechanisms.
cytochrome C
39
Swelling of the endoplasmic reticulum, membrane blebs, enzymatic leak like _____.
CkMB, troponins I
40
In some forms of acute injury, particularly ischemia there is also swelling of the _______.
Mitochondria
41
In some forms of acute injury, particularly ischemia there is also swelling of the _______.
Mitochondria
42
What happens if there is a persistent stimulus for metaplasia?
Malignant transformation (Cancer, non-reversible)
43
_______ are group of diseases caused by disturbed function of ion channel subunits or the proteins that regulate them
Channelopathies
44
Muscle strengthening by lifting weights act through a series of cellular intermediates such as _____.
Transcription
45
Lack of the oxygen supply, as in cases of cardiac muscle _____ in ischemia.
Hypertrophy
46
What is Dysplasia?
Disordered growth
47
Selective Hypertrophy is seen in _____ (it is due to the accumulation of fat in the hepatocytes).
Steatosis
48
Selective Hypertrophy is an example of (Reversible/Non-reversible) cell injury?
Reversible, if caught early
49
This is an adaptive response that increases the amount of enzymes (cytochrome P-450 mixed function oxidases) available to detoxify the drugs.
Selective Hypertrophy
50
This necrosis as seen in Tuberculosis
Caseous necrosis
51
The nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio may approach 1:1 for _____ cells instead of the normal 1:4 or 1:6.
Anaplastic
52
What are two causes of Hyperplasia?
- Hormonal - Injuries, especially persistent injury like long-standing inflammation or chronic physical or chemical injury, may lead to hyperplasia.
53
Increase in estrogens at puberty or early in the menstrual cycle leads to increased numbers of endometrial and uterine stromal cells. Is this physio/patho Hyperplasia?
Physiological
54
During puberty of female uterus, what is at play?
Hyperplasia
55
-Decreased workload - (disuse) - immobilization -Inadequate nutrition - marasmus -Aging These are (Physio/Patho) Atrophy?
Pathological
56
During menopause of female uterus, what is at play?
Atrophy
57
“Reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type” in response to environmental changes. This is known as?
Metaplasia
58
Squamous metaplasia of the endo- cervix at puberty. (Patho/Physio)
Physiological
59
Squamous metaplasia of the bronchila ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium due to smoking. (Patho/Physio)
Pathological
60
accumulation of cholesterol within macrophages mostly hereditary problem
Xanthoma
61
What happens if there is a persistent stimulus for metaplasia?
Malignant transformation (Cancer, non-reversible)
62
Squamous epithelium in the esophagus is normal or metaplastic?
Normal
63
Columnar tissue in esophagus is normal or metaplastic?
Metaplastic
64
Metaplasia may predispose to _____ formation.
Cancer
65
What is Dysplasia?
Disordered growth
66
_______ is characterised by death of single cells without an inflammatory reaction.
Apoptosis
67
Morphologic features of the apoptosis are:
Cell shrinkage Chromatin condensation Cytoplasmic blebs Phagocytosis of apoptotic cells Lack of inflammation (Important)
68
Necrosis is characterized by:
Initially by swelling of the cell and organelle Followed by ATP depletion and increased plasma membrane permeability
69
In this necrosis the protoplasm of the cells becoming fixed and opaque by coagulation of the protein elements, the cellular outline persisting for a long time.
Coagulative necrosis
70
_____ can be characterized by the forming of glassy eosinophilic appearance.
Coagulative necrosis
71
It can result from tissue digestion by phagocytes.
Liquefactive necrosis
72
This necrosis as seen in Tuberculosis
Caseous necrosis
73
Dysplasia is an abnormal proliferation of cells that is characterized by changes in cell _____, _____, and loss of cellular _____, like cervical dysplasia.
size; shape; organization
74
In cervical dysplasia there is a lack of this _____ growth process.
organized
75
_____ cells display marked pleomorphism (size and shape).
Anaplastic
76
The nuclei of _____ cells are extremely hyper-chromatic (darkly stained) and large.
Anaplastic
77
The nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio may approach 1:1 for _____ cells instead of the normal 1:4 or 1:6.
Anaplastic
78
Clinically, atrophy means decreased size or function of a cell or organ. This is known as?
Atrophy
79
Atrophied cells are _____ than normal but they are still viable
Smaller
80
-Loss of endocrine stimulation- menopause -Shrinkage of uterus after birth These are examples of (Physio/Patho) Atrophy?
Physiologic
81
-Decreased workload - (disuse) - immobilization -Inadequate nutrition - marasmus -Aging These are (Physio/Patho) Atrophy?
Pathological
82
The cell is formed by the fusion of epithelioid cells, which are derived from immune cells called macrophages.
Giant cell:
83
It is seen in Patients with malignant HTN and periarteritis nodosa.
Fibrinoid necrosis
84
Deposition of eosinophilic fibrin-like deposits or ground substance, in arterial walls
Fibrinoid necrosis
85
Acute pancreatitis lead to____
fatty necrosis
86
These appear grossly as the soft, chalky white areas as seen here on the cut surfaces.
Fatty Necrosis
87
Occurs most commonly in people who have a blood vessel disease, such as atherosclerosis.
Dry gangrene
88
Can develop after a severe burn, frostbite or injury.
Wet gangrene
89
Often occurs in people with diabetes
Wet gangrene
90
These substances accumulate because of genetic or acquired defect in metabolism like storage diseases
Intracellular Accumulations
91
accumulation of cholesterol within macrophages mostly hereditary problem
Xanthoma
92
What is the most common cause of atrophy?
Aging
93
(T/F) Atrophy may be reversible or irreversible.
True
94
_____: May be because of decreased protein synthesis or increased protein degradation.
Atrophy
95
Atrophy mechanisms: The _____ of cellular proteins occurs mainly by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway .
Degradation
96
Like mutations in parkin are implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease, in which undegraded parkin accumulates as _____.
Lewy bodies
97
In some cases, mutations in Ubiquitination (Ub) pathway are the primary causes of specific neurodegenerative diseases like _____.
Parkinson's
98
Hemoglobin derived pigment which stores iron in cells like in cases of hemolytic Anemias.
Hemosiderin
99
Progressive time related loss of structural and functional capacity of cells leading to death
Ageing

Pathology (Final) (3 decks)

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