Midterm - Chapter 1-5

Question 1

Cognition

Answer 1

The processes by which knowledge is acquired or manipulated. Cognition is a reflection of the mind, it is not directly observable

Question 2

Development

Answer 2

changes in structure or function overtime

Question 3

Object Permanence

Answer 3

The knowledge that objects have an existence in time and space independent of one’s own perception or action on those objects

Question 4

6 Truths of Cognitive Development - internal and external

Answer 4

factors produce cognitive development

Question 5

6 Truths of Cognitive Development - CD is ______ within a ______ ________

Answer 5

constructed within a social context

Question 6

6 Truths of Cognitive Development - CD involve both _____& _____ overtime

Answer 6

stability and plasticity

Question 7

6 Truths of Cognitive Development - CD affects how __________ is represented

Answer 7

information

Question 8

6 Truths of Cognitive Development - Children develop increasing intentional control over their _________ & __________

Answer 8

behavior and cognition

Question 9

6 Truths of Cognitive Development - CD involves changes in both ___________ & _________ abilities

Answer 9

domain-general and domain-specific

Question 10

Describe the relationship between structure and function

Answer 10

structure and function are bi-directional

Question 11

What is Nativism?

Answer 11

Human intellectual abilities are biological

Question 12

What is Empiricism?

Answer 12

Cognition arises as a result of environment

Question 13

What are Executive Functions?

Answer 13

control processes that regulate behavior

Question 14

What is Inhibition?

Answer 14

Resisting prepotent responses

Question 15

What is Task Switching?

Answer 15

Ability to switch between different tasks or rules

Question 16

What is Updating?

Answer 16

Continuously updating the content of memory while performing a task

Question 17

Where does Executive Functions stem from?

Answer 17

pre-frontal cortex in the brain

Question 18

What is Evolutionary Developmental Psychology?

Answer 18

How adaptive changes in behavior lead to adaptive changes in cognition

Question 19

What are biologically primary abilities?

Answer 19

Have undergone selection pressure and evolved to deal with problems faced by our ancestors

Question 20

What are biologically secondary abilitites?

Answer 20

Do not have an evolutionary history but are built on biologically primary abilities

Question 21

What is Neuroconstructivism?

Answer 21

Babies are born with abilities to seek knowledge and experience

Question 22

What is Developmental Systems Approach?

Answer 22

development occurs within a system of interacting levels

Question 23

What is Epigenesis?

Answer 23

Development involves:
1. Action of genes
2. Action of RNA
3. Action of ribosomes and proteins
4. Action of neurotransmitters and neurons
All interact with the environment - How biology influences development

Question 24

What are the stages of Neuronal Development? - Proliferation

Answer 24

Proliferation - production of new neurons through mitosis. Hits its peak during prenatal stage.

Question 25

What are the stages of Neuronal Development? - Migration

Answer 25

Migration - The newly formed cells migrate to their permanent position

Question 26

What are the stages of Neural Development - Differentiation?

Answer 26

Differentiation - The neurons extend and multiply to form more complex and dense structures

Question 27

What did Vygotsky say about adult-child interactions?

Answer 27

Development occurs largely when adult facilitates development and assist child with problem solving

Question 28

What are the types of development according to Vygotsky? 1

Answer 28

Ontogenic Development - Development of the individual over the course of their lifetime

Question 29

What are the types of development according to Vygotsky? 2

Answer 29

Microgenetic Development - Changes that occur over brief periods of time. Example - problem solving skills over a month

Question 30

What are the types of development according to Vygotsky? 3

Answer 30

Phylogenetic Development - Large-scaled changes over evolutionary time

Question 31

How does culture affect cognition?

Answer 31

Culture shapes cognition

Question 32

Why did Vygotsky believe that it is better to observe children in their own environment?

Answer 32

The child is able to give a true representation of their behavior because they are in a familiar place that they trust

Question 33

What is Zone of Proximal Development ZPD?

Answer 33

The distance of what a child can do unsupported and what they can do with someone with more knowledge and support..AKA Scaffolding

Question 34

What is Implicit Measures?

Answer 34

Used to measure behaviors that are unconscious and cannot be expressed directly/verbally. Most common used on babies.

Question 35

What is Explicit Measures?

Answer 35

Direct measures of how one perceives their own cognition

Question 36

What is Habituation?

Answer 36

Decrease in response as a result of repeated presentation of a stimulus

Question 37

What are Representations?

Answer 37

Formal, Concrete, Pre-Operational and Sensorimotor

Question 38

What is Dual-Encoding?

Answer 38

Childs lack of executive function development. Child cannot focus on more than one attribute at a time. Ex: child cant sort by color and sort by size at the same time

Question 39

What are Piaget's assumptions?

Answer 39

Development occurs in stages. Abrupt changes in thinking overtime. Domain-general development and Children are intrinsically active

Question 40

What are Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development? 0-2 years

Answer 40

Sensorimotor - infant explores the world through direct sensory and motor contact

Question 41

What are Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development? 2-6 years

Answer 41

Preoperational - the child uses symbols to represent objects but does not reason logically

Question 42

What are Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development? 7-12 years

Answer 42

Concrete Operational - The child can think logically about concrete objects and thus add and subtract

Question 43

What are Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development? 12 years-Adult

Answer 43

Formal Operational - The adolescent can reason abstractly and think in hypothetical terms