Midterm - Definitions Flashcards

Question

Thylakoids

Answer 1

flattened membrane bound sack where pigments occur for photosynthesis

Answer 2

Phycoplast: simpler algae’s microtubule structure during cell division Phragmoplast: in vascular plants, more advanced, involves microtubules during cell division

Answer 3

- a photosynthetic organelle of Glaucophyta or Glaucophytes (endosymbiotic Cyanobacteria) that is not pigmented - NOT a chloroplast - Like cyanobacteria, cyanelles have unstacked thylakoids and contain chlorophyll A, phycobilins, own DNA (5-10% of free-living cyanobacteria, probably due to gene transfer), but they cannot live independently and have no respiratory electron transport - was once a free-living organism

Answer 4

- Basic structure is 2-4 layered membrane-bound vesicle enclosing thylakoids in matrix (stroma) - Number of membranes is a clue of their evolution, so more membranes=more advanced organism (not primitive) - involved in photosynthesis

Answer 5

stacks of thylakoids to make this complex mechanism for photosynthesis

Answer 6

Some algae don’t have chloroplasts or chlorophyll

Answer 7

A) disc shaped like a coin B) star shaped C) net shaped

Answer 8

Storage space

Answer 9

- Self-erecting cylindrical vesicles containing atmospheric gases - exception of an organelle, some prokaryotes have them - All Cyanophyceae except Chamaesiphonales have gas vacuoles - makes them buoyant depending on amount of gas (Cyanobacteria are positively buoyant, humans are negatively buoyant which means that density is higher than water) so they collect at the surface of the water * only algal group that is buoyant - Accumulation of photosynthate (glucose made during photosynthesis) increases cell turgor pressure, causing collapse of gas vacuoles ***KNOW THIS Cyanobacterial cell has lots of light, can do lots of photosynthesis, which increases glucose, increases turgor pressure, which bursts the gas vacuoles and it begins to sink. When it gets deeper, It can do less photosynthesis, decreases glucose production, decreases turgor pressure, increases gas vacuoles and floats back up to the surface

Answer 10

- Molecules that absorb light - biochemical - complex - big - not created by chance

Answer 11

- used to produce ATP and NADPH during photosynthesis - Can only absorb blue and red light, so appear green - all algal groups have two at most, always Chlorophyll a, then either b,c,d

Answer 12

Photosystem I is most primitive and evolved first, does not produce oxygen (anoxygenic) Photosystem II evolved after, produces oxygen (oxygenic) by splitting water (how algae produced our oxygenic atmosphere) *Only organisms with both photosystem I and II can produce oxygen, except in specialized cells like heterocysts that have PSI only

Answer 13

- specialized cell in Cyanobacterium (blue green algae) or filamentous Cyanophyta - NOT a prerequisite for nitrogen fixation (Microcystis has no heterocysts but can fix nitrogen) • Differ in appearance from vegetative cells: - Larger and thicker cell wall - Refractive polar nodules at connections with vegetative cells - Cell contents homogenous and yellow in colour - May be intercalary in filament where they are spaced at regular intervals or terminal - Thought to function in nitrogen fixation, N2 to NH3 or ammonia - The further away from the heterocyst, the lower the nitrogen concentration; distance between heterocysts indicates the concentration of nitrogen in the environment; ammonia diffuses to neighbouring cells, change in concentration in neighbouring cells of the heterocysts gives proof of hypothesis - produced in low nitrogen environment - number of heterocysts is a clue to how nitrogen limited they are (Number of heterocysts typically correlated inversely with N concentration of environment) - Only has photosystem I (doesn’t produce oxygen=anoxygenic), an anaerobic process

Answer 14

Anoxygenic: carrying out photosynthesis where no oxygen is produce as a byproduct Anaerobic: requires the absence of oxygen (can’t live in oxygen)

Answer 15

- Maximize energy intake, principally in PSII during photosynthesis - Chlorophyll, Carotenoids, Phycobilin

Answer 16

- brown, yellow, orange, red - increase useful range of absorbed light, and protect photo centres from excessive light - ex) Beta-Carotene, Fucoxanthin, Peridinin, Siphonoxanthin

Answer 17

- red or blue-green - pigments found exclusively in Cyanophyta, Cryptophyta, and Rhodophyta - Phycoerythrin (red) - Phycocyanin (blue-green)

Answer 18

- Produced by dark fixation of CO2 and energy products of light reactions - May be used immediately to meet energy requirements of the cell - Product of photosynthesis - Organism may store into glucose polymers (High molecular weight compounds or Low molecular weight compounds)

Answer 19

Spherical or elliptical, non-motile (*difference with unicellular) cells surrounded by walls, sometimes in colonies

Answer 20

- not a standard form - like an amoeboid that changes shape - Naked cells with pseudopodia (no cell walls)

Answer 21

- cells are all in one plane (flat plate) in a colony or coenobial - Non-flagellated cells, usually naked, embedded in common envelope of mucilage on a flat plate

Answer 22

Uniseriate: one cell wide filament Multiseriate: more than one cell wide filament, more complex

Answer 23

True branching: during division the two cells still remained attached and created a radiating pattern of branching, in a second plane False branching: mucilage coat, where a second filament which is not actually connected but remain together due to the coating, Cyanobacteria do this (filamentous with a coat); outgrowth adjacent to dead or specialized cells

Answer 24

A concave ring around the cell where a flagellate is tucked in

Answer 25

- distinctive narrowing in the centre of the cell in desmids | - during asexual division, the cell divides across the isthmus, but starts to expand outwards to form another semi-cell

Answer 26

- Exclusive to Euglenophyta (euglenids) - a cell coating, cell membrane’s specialized structure - corrugated membrane with strips of protein in each depression followed by microtubules; in the grooves are muciferous bodies; at bottom of grooves is mucilage that acts as a lubricant to help the cell twist and untwist to help with friction and create propulsion= Euglenoid motion

Answer 27

- involved in motility by sensing light to direct the euglena towards or away from light=phototactic responses - Many flagellated cells have swelling close to base of one flagellum, usually aligned with flagella - Referred to as paraflagellar body (rod shaped) or photoreceptor - Packet of coloured pigments other than green (red, orange) that stands out - Two part “eye” is not like ours: one a packet of pigments and the other is a photoreceptor (Pigments used to shade the photoreceptor)

Answer 28

- inorganic silica pieces or plates which covers the cell, as well as organic material like carbohydrates - Mostly in Chrysophyta - Scales formed in vesicles at Golgi apparatus, migrate to plasma membrane and are “budded” to exterior where they aggregate in patterns (Are on the outside of the plasma membrane but is produced inside the cell) - May be plain or ornately patterned, species-specific (useful as diagnostic in paleolimnology) - Function in protection and, by increasing surface area, aid in buoyancy - Composition variable: inorganic (calciate, silica) or organic (carbohydrates) or both - If silica scales fused together, it could resemble a lot like the frustule

Answer 29

- defence, dissuade herbivores from eating them - increase surface area - increases drag to slow down its sinking - helps to float - helps link cells into long chains - problem for fish where the diatoms get stuck in the gills and causes asphyxiation

Answer 30

- looks like a wine glass or trumpet shaped cell with an opening at the end or conical sheath - cell wall that does not go all the way around the cell=incomplete cellulose-based cell wall that forms a sheath that contains a naked cell - each lorica has one naked cell - Flagella come out of the open end of the lorica to provide for locomotion and provision of food

Answer 31

-form of reproductive structure to help survive adverse environmental conditions -cysts are red, the organism is green in its vegetative state -formed from zygote (sexual) or vegetative (asexual) cell -Another means of restoring population size in marine centric diatoms after becoming too small from cell division (asexual reproduction) -Looks like a zygote or auxospore -ASEXUAL process ○ Means of surviving adversity or return original size

Answer 32

- asexual reproductive structure - modified vegetative cell or resting spores unique to Cyanophyta when exposed to stressful conditions - can generate a new filament if broken off - stores the products of photosynthesis, abundant polysaccharide reserves for long periods of dormancy - more granular in appearance, less pigmentation

Answer 33

branches coming off one point and radiating into all directions

Answer 34

- reproductive structures are wrapped around by sterile cells - Nucule=female - Globule=male, are motile

Answer 35

- modified plasma membrane - Exclusive to Cryptophyta (cryptomonads)-“crypt”=hidden or unknown - outside plasma membrane are granular fibrils while inside are hexagonal or rectangular plates of protein interrupted by ejectosomes

Answer 36

- vesicles like a party blower that unrolls when you blow in it - can be used for motility or to scare away predators - Exclusive to Cryptophyta - Discharged from cell body when irritated, propelling cell in opposite direction

Answer 37

- Exclusive to Dinophyta (dinoflagellates) - Vesicles below membrane contain unknown fibrillar compound (non-cellulosic) below which are microtubules - Like paroplast - Vary in size from nonexistent to thin to thick - Exist under cell membrane (not armour)

Answer 38

- Exclusive to Bacillariophyceae (diatoms, from Greek “diatomos”=cut in two) - Made primarily of polymerized silica (95% + composition)with some organic (sugars, lipids, amino acids) - Exterior to plasma membrane - Composed of two interlocking valves (epitheca, hypotheca) connected by one or more cingular bands (girdle) - Epitheca is the bigger of the two and covers the hypotheca - Frustular morphology is basis for diatom classification - Like a Petri dish on the outside of the cell membrane (exterior) - Resistant to decay so accumulate in the sediments as fossils, a record of past ecological conditions, creates a timeline

Answer 39

An irregular morphology

Answer 40

- Generally comprises two parts: fibrillar part (skeleton) and amorphous part (matrix in which fibres embedded) - Most abundant ingredient: cellulose but may be replaced by mannan or xylan in some Chlorophyta - May be calcified, Charophyta has calcium carbonate on the exterior - Usually complete but may be incomplete, such as lorica in some Chrysophyta and Euglenophyta

Answer 41

- a mixture of sugars, proteins and water that creates a clear slime - Protection from desiccation (create a buffer against drying out), protection from grazing, buoyancy (slows down sinking) - Allow for distance away from the plant, rock or animal by having a stalk (very long compared to the frustule, like a lollipop), gives advantage to get to water with more nutrients, more light - Cyanophyta cell wall can be embedded in mucilage sheath, Diatoms in mucilage tubes or sheets - Creates a filament, glues things together - Diatoms use to escape from salt water, make slime trails ; Centric (do not produce slime) and Pennate (produce slime) - Mucilage may be secreted from frustular pores - used in our cosmetics to add texture by alginate - bind soil, reducing erosion

Answer 42

A non-motile method of reproduction

Answer 43

- Vegetative cells, some stages in algal lifecycle (zoospores), most common in unicellular eukaryotes freely suspended in water have them - Vary in number from 1 to >100 per cell - Cross section of 9+2 microtubules anatomy - Used for motility or food gathering instrument (Carnivorous Dinoflagellate uses it as a grappling hook) - End with the eye spot is where mostly the flagella are located

Answer 44

Isokontous: Flagella similar in length and type Heterokontous: Dissimilar flagella, of unequal length, and/or one smooth and one hairy (“tinsellated”), different degrees of motility Haptonema: Superficially resembles flagellum but different internal anatomy; function uncertain but may be used for defence, food capture, or attachment; exclusive to Division Haptophyta; curled

Answer 45

Hairy (little threads on the Christmas tree): tinsellated=pantonematic=mastigonemes Smooth: acronematic

Answer 46

Hemodynamic: move in same direction Heterodynamic: flagella point in different direction

Answer 47

- Non-flagellar movement - Slow, gliding motion - No visible organ responsible - May be due to regularly arranged fibrillar extensions of the protoplasm - Found in Cyanophyta

Answer 48

- Non-flagellar movement - Exclusive to Euglenophyta - Due to contraction and expansion of pellicular bands - Use of the pellicle to allow twist of the membrane with lubricant (lengthening and shortening) - Cause unknown, may be associated with cytoplasmic streaming

Answer 49

multiple copies of each individual gene

Answer 50

Sporangium: Spore producing cell, diploid Gametangium: Carries the gamete, haploid

Answer 51

Encystment: to create a cyst or go into a cyst state Excystment: coming out of a cyst

Answer 52

- No record in many algal groups * *Function of sex in algae does not occur for genetic diversity BUT for surviving adverse conditions or environment * sex is not a precursor for success - After each cell division, the cells get relatively smaller, but sexual reproduction is used to restore vegetative size

Answer 53

Isogamous: morphologically similar gametes, + and -, most primitive form Anisogamous: Two gametes look the same but one of the cells migrates to the other, so has a distinguishing characteristic (male cell was motile and moved to the female cell) Oogamous: us, two dissimilar gametes, one small motile male gamete (sperm) and one non-motile gamete (egg) = zygote, most advanced form

Answer 54

Haplontic: predominantly haploid stage Haplodiplontic (diplohaplontic): alternation of generations between gametophyte (gamete-producing generation) and sporophyte (spore-producing generation) stages Diplomatic: predominantly diploid stage ***only the zygote

Answer 55

A means to escape adversity of the environment

Answer 56

-Prokaryotes: coiled DNA, no nucleus or other organelles -Mesokaryotes: chromosomes but no interphase and no histones, organelles, intermediate nucleus (intermediate in evolution of prokaryotes and eukaryotes) Eukaryotes: chromosomes, nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles

Answer 57

a) Symbioses (lichens) b) Animals (endozoic=living inside animals) c) Epilithon (rock surfaces) d) Edaphic (soil) e) Sympagic (with ice) f) Cryophyton (cold surface) g) Epixylon (wood surface) h) Epiphyton or epiphytic (algae living on plants)

Answer 58

a) Phytoplankton (free floating) b) Neuston (air-water interface, Euglena sanguinea) c) Metaphyton=elephant snot (formerly attached) d) Periphyton (attached, any algae associated with a surface like plastic, a car, an artificial or human surface)

Answer 59

Microevolution: small microscopic changes Macroevolution: large changes

Answer 60

Phycobilin series: -Cyanophyta, Rhodophyta, Cryptophyta -No motile stages in lifecycles -phycocyanin (blue-green) and phycoerythrin (red) Fucoxanthin series: -Phaeophyta, Chrysophyta, Bacillariophyta -All contain yellow-brown-orange fucoxanthin pigment -All produce laminarin and chrysolaminarin -All produce motile stages somewhere in lifecycle Non-masked series -Chlorophyta, Euglenophyta, Xanthophyta -Photosynthetic pigments not masked by accessory pigments -Green produced by chloroplasts

Answer 61

- found an organism unidentifiable that didn’t fit into classification systems and spurred the revolution=Prochloron or Prochlorophyta (before Chlorophyta, green algae) - translated Winnie the Pooh into Esperanto (create an international language, simplified language easier to learn, to make it easier to communicate with everyone around the world) - first to write a book in the field of coprology (scientific study of fossilized feces), recycling of organic material

Answer 62

- discovered 1975 by Ralph Lewin - thought by many to be an intermediate form between prokaryotes and eukaryotes - No phycobilins (All Cyanobacteria have phycobilins) - Chlorophyll B in addition to chlorophyll A - Thylakoids stacked in pairs, not monolayers

Answer 63

Autogenous theory: - “self-creating” - Eukaryotes evolved through step-by-step changes in photosynthetic, respiratory and genetic units (slow and gradual) - Gradual compartmentalizations and specialization of function - Nucleus can form itself and destroy itself during mitosis (membrane) - Flagella are consistent within all organisms that have them Xenogenous theory: - Prokaryotes obtained organelles via series of endosymbioses (cells eat other cells) with other prokaryotes - Mitochondrion and chloroplast have their own extranuclear DNA, and divide autonomously from nucleus via binary fission (like Bactria) - Glaucophyta contain endosymbiotic cyanobacteria (cyanelles) that perform chloroplast function - Some dinoflagellates also contain endosymbiotic cyanobacteria (phaeosomes)

Answer 64

- wrote paper “The origin of mitosing eukaryotic cells” built on work of 19th and 20th century scientists - First to rely on direct microbiological observations - stuck to endosymbiosis theory - Science discoveries not taken seriously, maybe due to being a woman

Answer 65

Endocytosis: bring material into the cell Phagocytosis: bring in large materials into the cell, through endocytosis, a solid particle is brought into the cell by an infolding of the cell membrane as a vesicle and digested by the cell

Answer 66

Primary endocytosis: - Gram-negative Cyanobacterium (Glaucophytes) are taken up by a bigger cell and are not digested so live inside it(identified by crystal violet if does not turn purple); have two unique outer membranes, and in between is peptidogylcan (polymer of muric acid or murein) - Phagosomal membrane was lost, so the chloroplast only has two membranes (should have had three) Secondary Endosymbiosis: - 4 membranes in eukaryotic chloroplast - Nucleomorph buried in central core is residual genetic material * chloroplast membranes: 2=primary, 4=secondary * But chloroplasts of Euglenophyta and Dinophyta have more than two membranes, perhaps because an entire eukaryote (with its two membrane chloroplasts) was ingested (tertiary endosymbiosis?)

Answer 67

Enzymes produced by Cyanobacteria/Cyanophyta to fix nitrogen (N2 to NH3)

Answer 68

- does not contain foreign organisms, a pure culture - Need to treat it with antibiotics to make it an agency culture, but it is very hard to get an axenic culture of Cyanobacteria due to antibiotics that destroys their capability of building cell walls with muramic acid

Answer 69

system of identification, two alternatives offered, follow the key to find out which organism it is based on yes or no questions, look at two alternatives and find which one corresponds to the organism

Answer 70

- a chemical that comes from algae that is found in many of our products, food, cosmetics, anything that has texture - made of mucilage

Answer 71

gets progressively wider as you go down the organism

Answer 72

- filament fragment detaches and forms new filament forms | - motile filaments of cells formed during asexual reproduction of Cyanophyta

Answer 73

-both produced during asexual reproduction Endospores: produced inside of another cell Exospores: produced externally where the bud buds off (yeast)

Answer 74

- help to retain moisture in soil - leathery material, looks like a brain - very well adapted to dry environments (outer layer protects from this, underneath is moist)

Answer 75

- love high temperatures (hot springs) - Prokaryotes are better adapted for higher temperatures than eukaryotes - Photosynthetic’s upper range is 60 degrees

Answer 76

- two organisms in close association with each other - lichen is a fungus and alga association, lichen is not a species due to being two separate entities, fungus provides most of the biomaterial - Phycobiont: provides food to the fungus - Blue green spheres inside the diatoms, very first eukaryote fixing nitrogen but once looked closely the diatom had phycobiont (symbiotic cyanobacteria living inside the diatom) and was not actually a eukaryote that does nitrogen fixation

Answer 77

He observed that people living in the vicinity of Mexico City “sell some small cakes made from a sort of ooze which they get out of the Great Lake, which curdles and from this make bread having a flavour something like cheese”

Answer 78

- Common genera include Microcystis, Anabaena, Aphanizomenon (Mike, Annie and Fannie) - Produce toxins as a by-product - Have a high temperature tolerance and adaptable to light - Nitrogen fixation gives them advantage when N is low - Occur when nutrient enrichment, especially N and P, favours excessive growth; N and P are increased in lakes due to sewage - Oxygen depletion (summer=blooms or winter=thick ice) - Aesthetic impairment (taste and odour) - Act of decomposition consumes oxygen (huge plummet in oxygen levels in water that fish require to live)

Answer 79

- Food supplement | - Wild-harvested is worrisome due to not being grown in a controlled environment

Answer 80

Toxins: something that is of biological origin (snake venom) Toxicant: something that is toxic not of biological order (pesticides), very inclusive or anything harmful to organisms, includes toxins, includes human made things

Answer 81

Neurotoxins: affects muscles, functioning of the brain, effects on memory, communication, walking, outcome usually death Hepatotoxins: affects the liver

Answer 82

- Modified amino acid - Research from Sweden, Scotland, and USA that BMAA may be connected to degenerative nerve diseases like ALS (Amytrophic Lateral Sclerosis “Lou Gehrig’s Disease”), Alzeimer’s, and Parkinson’s (memory loss) = Neurotoxins - BMAA is produced by cyanobacterial endosymbionts of cycad roots in Guam - biomagnification=Flying foxes are eaten whole by Chamorro people of Southeast Asia, which may explain high incidence of neuro-degenerative diseases in this region

Answer 83

As it goes up a food chain, the higher the concentration of the toxins gets in each stage.

Answer 84

1. Cyanobacteria produce BMAA 2. BMAA exposure is ubiquitous 3. BMAA can be inserted into proteins 4. BMAA can be biomagnified within ecosystem 5. BMAA is neurotoxic to motor neurone 6. Individuals vary in vulnerability to BMAA 7. BMAA occurs in brain tissue of ALS and Alzheimer’s disease patients but not health controls

Answer 85

Centric: radial or isodiametric Gonioid: trilateral, triangular symmetry in marine diatoms, three poles of symmetry Pennate: bilateral, human body, symmetry on one axis or two Trellisoid: perspective drawing, radiates (NOT radial) symmetry

Answer 86

-two valves of the frustule in Diatoms Epivalve: larger valve, also called epitheca Hypovalve: smaller valve, also called hypotheca

Answer 87

- groove or band where the flagellum is tucked in | - separates the epivalve and hypovalve of the frustule in Diatoms

Answer 88

- Longitudinal fissure in valve surface of pennates - Slit that runs from one end of the frustule to the other - May help diatoms in gliding motility

Answer 89

Araphidinate: no raphe on either valve Monoraphidinate: raphe on one valve Biraphidinate: raphe on both valves Pseudoraphidinate: clear area in centre of valve without fissure

Answer 90

- Frustule component - Lines on surface of valve - Little distinct rows of dots (at low magnification it looks like a line)

Answer 91

- Frustule component - Depressions in the silicon - Sometimes go all the way through - Important diagnostic - All the little dots that make up the striae

Answer 92

- Frustule component | - More heavily silicified ribs between rows of striae

Answer 93

- Frustule component - Solid protrusions on inner or outer valve face - Processes=knobs - Hold cells together in chains (looks like a zipper) - Reduce sinking rate by increasing surface area - Discourage grazing - Mucilage extrusion

Answer 94

Thylakoids grouped in three in chloroplasts

Answer 95

areas of chloroplasts where photosynthesis is taking place (turn blue black when iodine applied due to concentration of starch in pyrenoids)

Answer 96

- require one or more organic nutrient (vitamins) - Vitamins provide amines not produced by the human body but needed to survive - Vitamin B12 is needed for algae, but can’t produce it themselves = auxotrophic

Answer 97

- grow depending on favourable conditions and switch accordingly back and forth - lots of light=photosynthetic, no sun=heterotrophy - a cost of compromise, can’t grow as quickly as those who are obligate

Answer 98

- Research on diatom reproduction - When daughter about 1/3 of original parental size, they become incapable of further size reduction and must undergo size regeneration - More generations you get, the smaller they get (1/2 size every single time the smallest diatom divides) - At around 1/3 of parental size, then this initiates sexual reproduction (used to restore original size to the population or to survive adverse environment)

Answer 99

- Common in freshwater, pennate diatoms - Similar in appearance to vegetative cell with fewer mitochondria and larger lipid bodies - Sink to bottom of water body, remain viable > 2 months - Cell not doing anything - Frustule is unchanged

Answer 100

- epipelon/epipelic: associated with mud of puddles - diurnal: changing over the course of the day - where algae migrate to the surface of the mud and water to be exposed to sunlight - Move back into the mud at night to escape from predators by burrowing down into the mud (triggered by sunlight)

Answer 101

- Associated with a firm surface (wood, rock), can’t burrow into the surface - Benthic: surface - Diatoms are glued onto the surface of the sand, to prevent separation from it, bumped around by other grains of sand during tides * **Exam: Dynamic place or quiet? Dynamic since they are firmly glued to the surface of the sand. If stalk not found on sand, probably in a stable place

Answer 102

where salt water and fresh water flow in together

Answer 103

to create a habitable environment (create life form on another planet)

Answer 104

C. Hopkins Café. Mighty good but not always clean. Comin’ cousin Moe? Si! CHOPKNS CaFe Mg B NaCl CuMn CoZn Mo Si *macronutrients listed first and micronutrients

Answer 105

• Toxin domoic acid produced by marine diatom Pseudonitzschia pungens • Toxin accumulates in flesh of filter-feeding animals such as mussels, clams • Domoic acid is excitatory amino acid causing nerve cells to continuously transmit impulses until they die • No antidote and no way to remove toxin from tainted food • Many fewer toxins in diatoms compared to cyanobacteria • Paralysis=Neuro toxin • Consuming contaminated shellfish cause this condition ○ Are filter feeders, the algae they eat is the problem ○ They themselves are not affected but we are

Answer 106

Precipitation deficit: less water coming down than coming back up into the atmosphere Precipitation surplus: more water coming down than going back up into the atmosphere

Answer 107

Oligotrophic: poor nutrient conditions, nutrient poor and chemically-dilute water Eutrophic: nutrient rich conditions

Answer 108

During mitotic reproduction, one cell will divide into four and become cells of a brand new colony (self-replication)

Answer 109

presence of foreign organism in a culture

Answer 110

what could be beneficial in one quantity, whereas not beneficial in another quantity (too much of a good thing is a bad thing) Ex) Auxin (normally occurring plant hormone that can help growth) and 2,4-D (similar to auxin but kills plants)

Answer 111

- Jacques Monod proposed a model for growth related to the concentration of the growth-limiting nutrient (GLN) - Threshold (T): minimum amount of the resource that gives growth

Answer 112

Unicellular: Free-living with flagella, motile Coccoid : Spherical or elliptical, non-motile (*difference with unicellular) cells surrounded by walls, sometimes in colonies

Answer 113

- Cells united in pseudoparenchymatous plate-like thallus | - 3D filaments where they are not distinguishable individually

Answer 114

Tinsel flagellum: covered in tubular hairs (mastigonemes), used for motility and for capturing food Whiplash flagellum: very fine hairs or none at all, usually shorter and sometimes serves no role in motility but more for helping tinsel flagellum to bring food closer to the cell for phagocytosis, has swelling at base which contains photoreceptor (electron dense area), eyespot (near chloroplast) and flagellar swelling interact in response to light direction (phototaxis) ○ Both flagella with typical 9+2 microtubular anatomy

Answer 115

A chloroplast that goes around the cell

Answer 116

- A projectile - Contain granular mucilage bounded by single membrane - When discharged, contents form fibrous network outside the cell

Answer 117

- A projectile - Similar to muciferous bodies - Located in outer layer of cytoplasm; single membrane-bound vesicle with hollow, ring-shaped disc in outward-facing part - Not a reproductive structure, only refers to its spherical shape - Has a chamber with a little string and disc at the end and discharged out of the membrane (disc at the end of a string) - Means of motility or anti-predator weapon

Answer 118

-Can be formed sexually or asexually -Siliciceous-walled (silica) sphere into which cytoplasm contents flow, plugged with unsilicified material (polysaccharide) -Usually formed inside vegetative cells, inside the plasma membrane (***frustule formed outside the cell) -Germinate when conditions improve, plug dissolves, protoplast emerges and forms flagella as it moves out -A resistant stage, shuts down until environment is more favourable ○ Formation: § At early stage it is a thin membrane § As it progresses, it gets thicker and thicker § A hole gets filled and forms a protein plug § The contents outside the statospore is discarded § New membrane is formed inside the statospore -Don’t break down in lake sediments and, due to ornate pattern on external surface, are diagnostic features for species that produced them

Answer 119

- Oikia or Oikos = home - Dioecious = “oecious” comes from “oikia” - Two places in the reproductive structure, two strains (male and female or male and female) or two houses

Answer 120

haploid vegetative cells, motile that can form a new lorica and become a new radiating colony

Answer 121

Gametes coming together is stimulated by pheromones (chemical that stimulates reproduction); erogen released by female to attract the male

Answer 122

Epilimnion: live at the surface of the lake, well illuminated, those that are photosynthetic (autotrophs) Hypolimnion: at the bottom of the lake Metalimnion: intermediate layer, allows for both light and higher nutrient level, best of both worlds, facultative heterotroph found here due to capturing the dying algae that are sinking towards the bottom of the lake= Metalimnion Blooms

Answer 123

- Aureococcus (brown algae) causes “brown tides” in coastal waters where causes decline in sea grass (due to shading) and scallops (interference with filter-feeding) - Abundance causes shade (prevents light from shining down into the water) to other plants and they die - No toxicity, not like blooms - Humans not affected by the brown tides

Answer 124

- Inside Phaeophyceae cells are physodes (vesicles) | - Are colourless and absorb UV light, but when exposed to air they turn from colourless to brown or black

Answer 125

oil-like liquid stored in vesicle around pyrenoid

Midterm - Definitions Flashcards

(149 cards)