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Bio 1MO3 > Midterm:Evolution > Flashcards

Midterm:Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

Plato

A

Typological Thinking
Species are of perfect essence created by god
Unchanging
Variations within species are insignificant

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2
Q

Aristotle

A

Ordered unchanging species into sequence
Least to most complex
Species are fixed types

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3
Q

Lamarck

A

Evolution (species change through time)
Simple organisms originate the base of the chain by spontaneous generation
Move up chain as they evolve
Neither typological or population thinking
Produces better species
Individual’s phenotypes change in response to environment, passed to offspring

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4
Q

Darwin and Wallace

A 
Individuals vary, some contribute more offspring to next generation
Population thinking (variation is essential and important)
Descent with modification
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5
Q

Transitional features

A

Intermediate between older and younger species

Strong evidence for change through time

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6
Q

Vestigial traits

A

Functionless
Reduced or incompletely developed
Found in related species

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7
Q

Homology

A

Resemblance due to a common ancestor

Similar traits inherited from a common ancestor

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8
Q

Genetic homology

A

Similar in DNA

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9
Q

Developmental homology

A

Similar in embryo form

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10
Q

Structural homology

A

Similar in adult morphology

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11
Q

Darwin’s four postulates

A

Individuals vary in their traits
Some variations are heritable
Some individuals survive and reproduce better
Certain heritable traits help to survive abs reproduce

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12
Q

Directional selection

A

Causes average phenotype to change in one direction

Reduce genetic variation

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13
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

Favours intermediate phenotype
Reduces variation
Same average

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14
Q

Disruptive selection

A

Favours both extremes
Increases variation
Doesn’t change average

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15
Q

Balancing selection

A

No single phenotype is favoured at all times

Maintains variation

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16
Q

Four evolutionary processes

A

Natural selection
Genetic drift
Gene flow
Mutation

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17
Q

Four types of selection

A

Directional
Stabilizing
Disruptive
Balancing

18
Q

Natural selection

A

Can maintain, reduce or increase genetic variation

Increases fitness

19
Q

Genetic drift

A

Reduce genetic variation

Usually reduces fitness

20
Q

Gene flow

A

Increase or decrease variation

Could increase, decrease or have no effect on fitness

21
Q

Mutation

A

Increases variation

Usually lower fitness

22
Q

Mechanisms of reproductive isolation

A 
Temporal
Habitat 
Behavioural 
Gametic barrier
Mechanical

Hybrid viability
Hybrid sterility

23
Q

Dispersal

A

Population moves to a new habitat, colonizes it, and founds a new population

24
Q

Vicariance

A

Physical splitting of habitat

25
Q

Allopatric speciation

A

Speciation that stems from physical isolation

26
Q

Sympatric speciation

A

Speciation that occurs in same geographic area

27
Q

Autopolyploid

A

All chromosomes from same species

28
Q

Allopolyploid

A

Individuals created when parents of two different species mate

29
Q

Possible outcomes of secondary population contact

A

Fusion of populations (freely interbreed)
Reinforcement of divergence (hybrid offspring have low fitness, natural selection favours traits that prevent interbreeding between populations)
Hybrid zone formation (area where hybridization occurs)
Extinction of one population (poorer competitor for resources becomes extinct)
Creation of new species (if hybrid offspring can be successful they may form new species)

30
Q

Intact fossils

A

Don’t decompose, organic remains preserved

31
Q

Compression fossils

A

Sediment accumulates on top of material, compressed into thin film

32
Q

Cast fossils

A

Remains decompose, minerals fill hole and make cast

33
Q

Permineralized fossils

A

Decompose extremely slowly, dissolved minerals infiltrate cells and harden into stone

34
Q

Precambrian

A

Earth formation to 4.6 Ba
Hadean, archaean, Proterozoic eons
Most life unicellular
Little oxygen

35
Q

Phanerozoic Eon

A

Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic eras

541 Ma to present

36
Q

Paleozoic era

A

Land animals, land plants, and fungi diversified

Ended with Permian extinction

37
Q

Mesozoic era

A

Began with Permian extinction
Ended with Cretaceous extinction
Gymnosperms and dinosaurs

38
Q

Cenozoic era

A

Angiosperm and mammals

Currently in Holocene epoch

39
Q

Cambrian explosion

A 
Animals diversified into almost all extant groups 
Causes:
Higher oxygen levels 
Evolution of predation
New niches beget new niches
New genes, new bodies
40
Q

End Permian extinction

A 
Largest mass extinction 
90% of species extinct 
Cause
Flood basalts (molten rock)
Increased SO2, acid rain
Ocean lacked oxygen 
Sea levels dropped
41
Q

End Cretaceous extinction

A 
Evidence 
High levels of iridium (common in asteroids)
Huge crater off of Mexico
Rocks at impact site had SO4
Dust,soot,ash blocked sun

Bio 1MO3 (3 decks)

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