New Material

Question 1

Metapopulations

Answer 1

Population of populations

Extinction-colonization dynamics

Question 2

What must be possible for metapopulations?

Answer 2

Colonization (moving between patches)

Question 3

Subpopulations grow ______ up to the patch carrying capacity

Answer 3

Quickly

Question 4

Steadily growing populations are ____ heavy

Answer 4

Bottom

Question 5

Steadily shrinking populations are _______ heavy

Answer 5

Top

Question 6

____ then _____ rates decline in populations undergoing a transition from developing to developed countries

Answer 6

Mortality fecundity

Question 7

Replacement rate

Answer 7

Average fertility required for a woman to produce exactly enough offspring to replace herself and her offsprings father

Question 8

Attributes of populations most likely to survive

Answer 8

Large population size
Occupy large geographical area
Closer to neighbouring ranges
High genetic diversity

Question 9

Commensalism

Answer 9

+/0

One thing benefits, one thing unaffected

Question 10

Competition

Answer 10

-/-

Interspecific

Question 11

Consumption

Answer 11

-/+

Consumer/victim

Question 12

Mutualism

Answer 12

+/+

Question 13

Bottom up competition

Answer 13

Fighting for resources (food, light)

Question 14

Niche overlap

Answer 14

Two species use some of the same resources

Question 15

Interference (direct) competition

Answer 15

Antagonism (fighting)

Allelopathy (plants release chemicals to kill other plants)

Question 16

Top-down competition

Answer 16

Looking up food chain

Ex. One species bringing in another predator

Question 17

Symmetric competition

Answer 17

Both species experience a similar decrease in fitness

Question 18

Asymmetric competition

Answer 18

One species suffers a greater fitness decline

Question 19

Competition exclusion principle

Answer 19

Two species exactly identical (100% niche overlap) can’t coexist indefinitely

Question 20

Fundamental niche

Answer 20

Total theoretical range of environmental conditions a species can tolerate

Question 21

Realized niche

Answer 21

Portion of fundamental niche that a species occupies given limiting factors such as competition

Question 22

Competitively _____ species disperse well

Answer 22

Weak

Question 23

Constitutive defences

Answer 23

Hard-wired

Presence even in absence of consumers

Question 24

Inducible defences

Answer 24

Adaptable

Efficient energetically but slow to produce

Question 25

Batesian mimics

Answer 25

Non-poisonous

Dishonest

Question 26

Mullerian mimics

Answer 26

Poisonous

Honest

Question 27

Keystone species

Answer 27

Much greater impact on abundance and distribution of species

Question 28

Climax community

Answer 28

Stable

Doesn’t change over time

Question 29

Symbiotic

Answer 29

Close relationship

Not free living

Question 30

Species richness

Answer 30

How many species in an area

Question 31

Species diversity

Answer 31

Weighted measure that incorporates richness and evenness

Question 32

Ecosystem function

Answer 32

Sum of biological and chemical processes characteristic of a certain ecosystem

Question 33

Character displacement

Answer 33

Evolutionary response to niche overlap

Change that allows species to exploit different resources

Question 34

Net ecosystem exchange

Answer 34

carbon converted to CO2 via microbial respiration + C converted to CO2 via plant respiration - CO2 converted to organic compounds by photosynthesis

Question 35

niche differentiation

Answer 35

evolutionary change in resource use caused by competition over generations

Question 36

resource partitioning

Answer 36

the ecological outcome of character displacement