Midterm Exam 1 Flashcards
(36 cards)
What are the 3 main tenets of cell theory?
- All living things are made from cells
- Cells are the smallest forms of life
- Cells form from existing cells through division
Scientific Method Steps
- Identify problem/gap in knowledge
- Develop hypothesis
- Experimentation
- Data analysis
- Reject or support hypothesis
Primary Protein Structure
Linear amino acid sequence
Secondary Protein Structure
Either spiral (alpha-helix) or sheet (beta-pileated sheet)
Tertiary Protein Structure
3D folding
Quaternary
Two or more polypeptide chains bind together
Dideoxy DNA Sequencing
Uses ddNTPs to pause transcription at each nucleotide, allowing for a list of target nucleotides
3 Approaches to identify a drug altering protein function
- Drug may inhibit homologous proteins to target one
- Use computer model to determine potential binding sites
- “Grocery store approach”
Light vs. electron microscopy
Light microscopy observes from 500nm to 5mm
Electron microscopy observes from 1nm to 100microm
Western Blotting
A large group of proteins is separated by electric current through gel, wells are probed with antibodies which will darken on nylon sheet when contacting the target well
What does the sgRNA in CRISPR Cas technology bind to?
The Cas9 protein and the target gene
Resolution
The ability to discern two nearby objects as being distinct
Contrast
How different one structure looks from another
Flagella microtubules vs. motor proteins
Microtubules are fixed in place, whereas the motor proteins are free to move along them
What is needed to move a lipid from one membrane leaflet to the other?
ATP and Flippase
Two main purposes of catabolic reactions
- Recycling organic monomers
- Synthesis of energy intermediates (ATP)
3 types of membrane proteins
Transmembrane
Lipid-Anchored
Peripheral membrane
ATP hydrolysis ____s with an endergonic reaction
Couples
Enzyme-catalyzed reactions steps
- Protein binds to substrate
- Induced fit occurs
- Products form
- Products are released
How do enzymes decrease energy of activation (Ea) for reactions?
Strain bonds, move reactants closer together, and change local environment (pH)
Do enzymes effect direction of reactions
NO!
How does sucrose enter a cell?
First, ATP is hydrolyzed as an H+ pump moves ions out of cell against the gradient via primary active transport.
Next, an H+/sucrose symporter moves both H+ ions and sucrose into the cell down the gradient through secondary active transport.
Proteins are sorted to their correct destination through
Remaining in the cytosol, co-translational sorting (ER), or post-translational sorting (nucleus, peroxisome, mitochondria)
Vesicular transport model vs. cisternal maturation model
Vesicles bud from ER, go to cis-med-trans Golgi (Golgi stays intact).
Vesicles from the ER fuse to form new cis Golgi, moving med to trans, losing trans compartment.