Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Public Health > Midterm Exam (Everything Else) > Flashcards

Midterm Exam (Everything Else) Flashcards

(99 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

The study of the distribution and patterns of health and disease and their causes in populations

A

Epidemiology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The number of existing cases of a disease in a population at a given time

A

Prevalence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The number of new cases of a disease within a specified population during a giving time. Basically the measure of risk for developing a disease

A

Incidence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Number of cases at a specific point in time

A

Point prevalence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Number of cases over a specified period of time

A

Period prevalence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Diseases that last 3 months or less

A

Acute diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Diseases that last 3 months or longer

A

Chronic diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

A disease that is constantly present in the community or population

A

Endemic diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Diseases where only a few scattered cases are found within an area or population

A

Sporadic diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Diseases where a large number of cases that are out of proportion to what is normally expected occurs

A

Epidemic diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

An epidemic that occurs simultaneously on more than one continent

A

Pandemic diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Means that things are linked in some way that makes them turn up together

A

Association

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Something that produces an outcome

A

Cause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

When an exposure and an outcome turn up together, they are ________

A

Associated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Happens when people confuse causation vs association. Ex: Ice cream causes death by drowning or chiropractic adjustments cause death and strokes.

A

Logical Fallacy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

T/F Causation of a disease occurrence or outbreak is always easy to establish

A

FALSE

It can be difficult to establish

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Most common type of epidemiological studies in public health

A

Descriptive studies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Goal of descriptive studies

A

Using who, when, and where information to try and establish risk factors or information for how a disease can manifest itself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Studies whose purpose is to test hypotheses about relationships between health problems and possible risk factors

A

Analytical studies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Studies where an investigator actually allocates the exposure and randomly assigns the exposure or intervention to the participants and follows the subjects through the development of the disease. Considered a gold standard

A

Randomized Control Trials (RCT’s)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Advantages of randomization in studies

A
  • Bias due to confounding in minimized

- Ability to make causal inferences is enhanced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Studies that look _____ are known as ______ while studies that look ______ are known as ______

A

Forward (Prospective) = Cohort

Backward (Retrospective) = Case-Control studies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Studies that collect data on exposures and outcomes simultaneously

A

Survey

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

T/F Survey studies require follow ups

A

FALSE.

Surveys do NOT require follow ups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Difference between systemic reviews and meta-analysis
``` SR = consolidates the data and provides a summary of conclusions MA = consolidates the data and provides a new data analysis/statistics ```
26
A blueprint to effectively track and address the most important health care needs of Americans. What agency coordinates this?
Healthy People Initiative | DHHS
27
Focus of the healthy people initiative
Disease prevention and health promotion
28
Considered the cornerstone of evidence based prevention and health promotion activities in the US
Healthy People Initiative
29
The healthy people initiative is published every _______, with the current report being called ______ after it was released in 2010
10 years | HP 2020
30
Overreaching goals of HP2020
1) Attain high quality, longer lives 2) Eliminate disparities 3) Create social and physical environments that promote good health 4) Promote quality of life, healthy development, and healthy behaviors
31
The HP2020 consists of ___ Leading Health Indicators and __ Focus Areas
12 Leading Health Indicators | 42 Focus Areas
32
Components of the Wellness Model of Practice for integrating healthy people and chiropractic
1) Adjusting to promote optimal function 2) Screening for risk factors 3) Healthy behavior counseling
33
Leading Chronic Diseases in order
1) Heart Disease and Stroke 2) Cancer 3) Diabetes 4) Arthritis 5) Obesity
34
Leading Causes of Death in order
1) Heart Disease 2) Cancer 3) Chronic Respiratory Diseases 4) Stroke 5) Accidents (unintentional)
35
Fraction of American adults currently affected by heart disease
1/3
36
Lifetime risk for males and females developing heart disease
``` Males = 2 in 3 (67%) Females = 1 in 2 (50%) ```
37
T/F Heart disease has been the #1 cause of death every year in the US since 1900
FALSE. | Every year except 1918
38
#1 cause of death in the US in 1918
Spanish flu
39
Heart study started in 1940's that has continued to this day. Involves 3 generations of subjects enrolled and has established over 100 scientific papers showing risk factors. What kind of study is this?
Framingham Heart Study | Cohort(Prospective) study
40
Comprehensive lifestyle changes that have shown to decrease a risk of heart disease
- Low-fat vegetarian diet - Stop smoking - Stress management training - Moderate exercise
41
Comprehensive lifestyle changes had what effect on heart disease after one year?
Reduced atherosclerosis by 82% without the use of lipid lowering drugs
42
Factors that decrease the risk of heart disease
- Low BP - Low cholesterol - Control diabetes - Quit smoking - Increase physical activity - Maintain healthy weight - Eat well - Decrease inflammation
43
Leading cause of death for people under 85
Cancer
44
Most common cancers
- Lung - Breast - Colorectal
45
Top 3 diagnosed and deadly cancers in men
Diagnosed 1) Prostate; 2) Lung; 3) Colorectal Death 1) Lung; 2) Prostate 3) Colorectal
46
Top 3 diagnosed and deadly cancer in women
Diagnosed 1) Breast; 2) Lung; 3) Colorectal Death 1) Lung; 2) Breast; 3) Colorectal
47
The most common cause of cancer related death in both men and women
Lung cancer
48
T/F 51% of lung cancers are due to smoking
FALSE. | 80% of lung cancers are due to smoking
49
T/F Females have a greater risk of lung cancer over males
True
50
Factors that decrease risk of lung cancer
- Avoid smoking - Avoid second hand smoke - Avoid aspect, radon, arsenic, tar soot, nickel, silica, and chromium - Limit alcohol intake - Eat a balanced diet
51
Incidence of breast cancer. Is this number increasing or decreasing?
12.5% (1 in 8) | Increasing
52
T/F 60% of women with breast cancer have no known risk factors
True
53
Factors that decrease the risk of breast cancer
- Minimize use of oral contraceptives - Minimize use of hormone replacement therapy - Maintain a healthy weight - Exercise regularly - Minimize alcohol intake - Have children early in life - Breastfeed
54
T/F Colorectal cancer risk stays constant throughout life
FALSE. | Risk increases with age
55
More than _% of cases of colorectal cancer are diagnosed in those older than __
90% | Older than 50
56
Factors that decreases risk of colorectal cancer
- Get colonoscopies and polyps removed - Maintain a healthy weight - Decrease red meat intake - Increase fiber intake
57
T/F 70-90% of men over 80 who died from any other cause had undiagnosed prostate cancer
True
58
Fraction of men over 50 that have histological evidence of prostate cancer
1/3
59
Factors that decrease risk of prostate cancer
- Low fat diet with a variety of fruits and vegetables - Decrease calcium supplementation - Maintain a healthy weight - Exercise - Drink green tea - Control prostate infection/inflammation - Masturbate/Sex
60
Incidence of this has doubled in the middle aged in the past 30 years and continues to rise.
Type 2 Diabetes
61
Lifetime risk of type 2 diabetes in men and women
``` Men = 33% (1 in 3) Women = 40% (2 in 5) ```
62
Factors that decreases risk of diabetes
- Increase physical activity - Maintain a healthy weight - Eat a low-fat, non-processed diet - Decrease fat intake and increase fiber intake - No smoking
63
Number of adults currently in the US reported having some form of physician-diagnosed arthritis. What is this number projected to be by 2030
``` Currently = ~50 million adults 2030 = ~ 67 million adults ```
64
T/F Arthritis is one of the most common disorders in the US, but uncommon in the world
FALSE. | Arthritis is one of the most common disorders in the world
65
Most common form of arthritis
Osteoarthritis (OA)
66
Most common joint disorder in the world
Osteoarthritis (OA)
67
What % of people with OA are over 75 years old?
80%
68
Who is most prevalent to develop OA?
Women over 75 (although prevalence increases with age)
69
Common locations of OA
Hand, knee, hip, and intervertebral facet joints
70
Type of arthritis that is inflammatory and effects 1.3 million adults and 300,000 children in the US
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA; Juvenile = JRA)
71
T/F Obesity rate in the US are increasing to the point where all American adults are predicted to be overweight or obese by the year 2020
FALSE. | All American adults are predicted to be obese by 2048
72
% of kids and adults obese
``` Kids = 20% (1 in 5) Adult = 33% (1 in 3) ```
73
T/F Obesity rates in children have tripled
True
74
BMI numbers for someone overweight and obese
``` Overweight = 25-29 BMI Obese = >30 BMI ```
75
Worst kind of fat deposition in obese people
Central adiposity
76
Most common and costly of all health problems. Most preventable
Chronic diseases
77
Sedentary Lifestyle
Engaging in no leisure time physical activity in a 2 week period
78
T/F Physical activity can prevent/treat only a few specific diseases
FALSE.
79
What deaths could be prevented by physical activity?
- 1/3 of coronary heart disease deaths - 1/4 of stroke and osteoporosis deaths - 20% of colon cancer, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes deaths - 14% of breast cancer deaths
80
How much physical activity US adults should get according to the CDC and ACSM
30 minutes or more of moderate-intensity physical activity on most, preferably all, days of the week
81
Any physical activity that increases heart rate will have
Aerobic benefits Burn calories Increase circulation
82
Why should people be aware of one sided exercises?
Repetitive strains to one side may lead to injuries
83
Leading cause of preventable illnesses and death in the U.S.
Tobacco use
84
Illnesses associated with tobacco use
- Many different cancers - Chronic lung diseases - Heart disease
85
Examples of environmental tobacco smoke
- Secondhand smoke - Involuntary smoking - Passive smoking
86
T/F There are 12 class A carcinogens in environmental tobacco smoke
``` FALSE. There are at least 69 class A carcinogens ```
87
T/F Radon is the most important containment of indoor air
FALSE. | Tobacco smoke is
88
Smoke released directly from a smoldering cigarette
Sidestream smoke
89
Why is side stream smoke more toxic than mainstream smoke?
Side stream = from a smoldering cigarette. Contains much higher concentrations of tar, nicotine, and CO because it has not been filtered by the smokers lung
90
T/F The first 6 months of gestation are the most critical to being affected by tobacco smoke
FALSE. | The last 6 months are the most critical
91
Risks to the baby associated with tobacco smoke
- Birth defects (cleft life or palate) - Premature birth - Low birth weight
92
T/F Smoking cessation extends life substantially, regardless of the age of cessation
True
93
How much of the U.S. population lives in a state with a smoking ban?
Approximately half the population
94
3rd lead causing of preventable mortality in the U.S.
Alcohol
95
% of Americans that are over 12 years old and are current drinkers
52%
96
Definition of binge drinking in men and women
``` Men = having more than 5 drinks in a single occasion Women = have more than 4 drinks in a single occasion ```
97
Harmful health effects of alcohol
- Increases risk for unintentional injuries - Contributes to intentional violence - Rape drug - Binge/heavy drinking
98
T/F Alcohol is the #1 rape drug
True
99
Evidence shows that consumption of moderate to low amounts of alcohol may help decrease the risk of:
- Developing heart disease - Dying of a heart attack - Strokes (particularly ischemic strokes) - Gallstones - Diabetes

Public Health (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions