Midterm exam Reviewer Flashcards
1
Q
Unicellular, reproduce by budding Forms a bacterial-like colony
A
Yeast
2
Q
Multicellular
Woolly (Fuzzy) appearance in culture
A
Molds
3
Q
Molds is made up of
A
Mycelium and hyphae
4
Q
Intertwining structures
composed of hyphae
A
Mycelium
5
Q
• Tubelike structures
• Fundamental units of fungi
A
Hyphae
6
Q
Parts of Hyphae
A
Aerial (reproductive)
Vegetative (thallus)
7
Q
• Above the surface
• Produce conidia / spores
A
Aerial (reproductive)
8
Q
• Extends downward into the medium
• Absorbs water and nutrients
A
Vegetative (thallus)
9
Q
Types of Hyphae
A
Septate
Sparsely septate
10
Q
With frequent crosswalls
A
Septate
11
Q
• Aseptate
• Few cross walls
A
Sparsely septate
12
Q
Structures associated to hyphae
A
Conidiophore / Sporangiophore
Conidia / Sporangium
Phialide / Annellide
Vesicle / Columella
13
Q
Stalks for conidia / sporangium
A
Conidiophore / Sporangiophore
14
Q
Asexual structures that form at the hyphae or conidiophore / sporangiophore
A
Conidia / Sporangium
15
Q
Secondary segments born from
conidio/sporangiophore
A
Phialide / Annellide
16
Q
Enlarged or dome shaped structure at the tip of conidio / sporangiophore
A
Vesicle / Columella
17
Q
Other hyphal forms
A
Spirals
Nodular bodies
Racquet
Pectinate body
Favic Chandelier
18
Q
• Coiled hyphae
• E.g T. Mentagrophytes
A
Spirals
19
Q
Knot of twisted hyphae
E.g
• M. canis
• T. mentagrophytes
A
Nodular bodies
20
Q
Club shaped
E.g
• E. floccosum
A
Racquet
21
Q
“Broken comb”
E.g
• M. audouinii
A
Pectinate body
22
Q
Antler hyphae
E.g
• T. schoenleinii
• T. violaceum
A
Favic Chandelier
23
Q
Non- or lightly pigmented
A
Hyaline (Moniliaceous)
24
Q
Darkly pigmented (Melanin)
A
Dematiaceous
25
Ability to exist in two forms:
i. Yeast or Spherule phase at 37°C
ii. Mold phase at 25°C
Dimorphism (Dimorphic Fungi)
26
Have both yeast and mold forms in the same culture
Polymorphism (Polymorphic Fungi)
27
Growth temp of Yeast or Spherule phase
37°C
28
Growth phase of Mold phase
25°C
29
Reproduction:
Forms conidia from hyphae of 1 organism
Asexual
30
Reproduction:
Forms spores by merging of cell and nuclei
Sexual
31
Results in the formation of conidia
Asexual
32
Types of Conidia
Conidia
Macroconidia
Microconidia
33
Asexual spores that form on the
hyphae or conidiophore
Conidia
34
large and multicelled
Macroconidia
35
small and unicellular
Microconidia
36
Spores develop from vegetative mycelium
Blastoconidia (blastospores) Chlamydoconidia (chlamydospores) Arthroconidia (arthrospores)
37
Daughter cell that buds from mother cell, hyphae or pseudohyphae
Blastomyces, Histoplasma, Paracoccidioides, Sporothrix
C. albicans, G. candidum, T. beigelii C. neoformans
Blastoconidia (blastospores)
38
Formed from “rounding up” and enlargement of hyphal segments
• • •
Terminal (tip)
Sessile (sides)
Intercalary (within)
• P. brasiliensis, C. albicans
Chlamydoconidia (chlamydospores)
39
Fragmentation of the hyphae
into barrel- or rectangular- shape spores
• Coccidioides
• Geotrichum
• Trichosporon
Arthroconidia (arthrospores)
40
Spores contained in sacs (sporangium)
Sporangiospores
41
• Produced at tip of sporangiophore
• Glomerulomycetes (Zygomycetes)
Sporangiospores
42
Merging of cells and nuclei of two cells with Types of specialized spores
Sexual
43
Types of specialized spores
i. Ascospores ii. Zygospores
iii. Basidiospore iv. Oospore
44
contained in a saclike ascus
Molds with septate hyphae
Ascospores (Sac Fungi)
45
Large spore in a thick wall
Molds w/aseptate hyphae Fusion of 2 identical cells
Zygospores (Conjugation Fungi)
46
Spores produced on a basidium
Septate hyphae
Basidiospores (Club Fungi)
47
Fusion of 2 separate non identical cells
Oospore
48
Phases of Reproduction
i. Teleomorph
ii. Anamorph
iii. Synanamorphs
49
Reproduce sexually
Teleomorph
50
When a teleomorph produce asexually
Anamorph
51
If >1 anamorph is present for the same teleomorph
Synanamorphs
52
Aseptate
Presence of Sporangium Mucor, Rhizopus and Absidia
Zygomycota (Glomerulomycota)
53
Septate
Presence of Ascospores
Microsporum, Trichophyton and P. boydii
Ascomycota
54
Septate w/ clamp connections Presence of Basidiospores Filobasidiella neoformans
Basidiomycota
55
Fungi Imperfecti
No mode of sexual reproduction Largest number of species
Deuteromycota
56
Agents of Mycoses
1. Superficial Mycoses
2. Cutaneous Mycoses
3. Subcutaneous Mycoses
4. Systemic Mycoses
5. Opportunistic Mycoses
6. Yeast & Yeast-like
57
General Characteristics
• Affects the outermost layer (stratum corneum) of the skin or hair
Superficial Mycoses
58
Clinical Manifestations of Superficial Mycoses
i. Malassezia furfur
ii.Hortaea werneckii
iii. Piedraia hortae
iv. Trichosporonbeigeliicomplex
59
Clinical Manifestations and Lab Diagnosis of Malassezia furfur
a. Clinical Manifestations
• Tinea versicolor (pityriasis versicolor)
• Pale or fawn patches in skin
b. Laboratory Diagnosis
• Cluster of Budding yeasts w/ hyphae
• “Spaghetti and meatballs”
60
Clinical Manifestations and Lab Diagnosis
Hortaea werneckii
a. Clinical Manifestations
• Tinea nigra
• brown to black macules in palms & soles
b. Laboratory Diagnosis
• Dark 1-2 (budding) cell • blastoconidia
61
Clinical Manifestations and Lab Diagnosis
iii. Piedraia hortae
a. Clinical Manifestations
• Black Piedra
• Brown to black crusts / nodules on hair b. b. Laboratory Diagnosis
• Dark hyphae with swelling (ascus)
62
Clinical Manifestations and Lab Diagnosis
iv. Trichosporonbeigeliicomplex
a.Clinical Manifestations
• White piedra
• Dark hyphae with swelling (ascus)
b. Laboratory Diagnosis
• Hyaline hyphae
• Blastoconidia and arthroconidia
63
General Characteristics Agents of dermatophytoses
Keratinophilic
(hair, nails and skin)
Asexual reproductive cells
Cutaneous Mycoses
64
Infection: i. Scalp
1. Tinea Favosa
2. Tinea capitis
a. Gray pitch ringworm
b. Black-dot ringworm
65
Agent of Tinea favosa
T. schoenleinii
66
Agent of Tinea capitis a. Gray-patch ringworm
Microsporum spp.
67
Agent of Tinea capitis b. Black-dit ringworm
Trichophyton spp.
68
Infections: ii. Beard
Tinea barbae
69
Agent of Tinea barbae
Trychophyton spp.
70
Infections: iii. Body
Tinea corporis
71
Agent of Tinea corporis
Trychophyton spp.
Microsporum spp.
72
Infections: iv. Groin
Tinea cruris
73
Agent of Tinea cruris
Epidermophyton sp.
74
Infections: v. Feet
Tinea pedis
(Athlete’s, Moccasin)
75
Agent of Tinea pedis
Trychophyton spp.
76
Agent of Athlete’s, Moccasin)
Epidermophyton sp.
77
Infections: vi. Nail
Tinea unguium
(Onychomycosis)
78
Agent of Tinea unguium
Trychophyton spp.
79
Agent of Onychomycosis
Epidermophyton sp.
80
Dermatomycosis (Keratinized tissues):
Ringworm
Tinea capitis
Tinea corporis
Tinea unguium
81
Site Affected of Tinea
capitis
Head (hair)
82
Agent of Tinea
capitis
Microsporum
Trichophyton
83
Site Affected of Tinea corporis
Body (skin)
84
Agent of Tinea corporis
Microsporum
Trichophyton
Epidermophyton
85
Site affected of Tinea unguium
Nails
86
Agent of Tinea unguium
Trichophyton
Epidermophyton
87
Microconidia of E. floccosum
Absent
88
Macroconidia of E. floccosum
Singly or in clusters
Broad and spatulate
Contains 2-5 cells
89
Microconidia of M. canis
Sparse: clavate, sessile
90
Macroconidia of M. canis
Spindle shape, echinulate 3-15 cells, tapered ends
91
Microconidia of M. gypseum
Sparse: clavate, sessile
92
Macroconidia of M. gypseum
Cigar-shaped, with spiny surface and rounded tips
93
Microconidia of M. audouinii
Rare; Chlamydospores
94
Macroconidia of M. audouinii
Chlamydoconidia-like swellings, bizzare-shaped
95
Growth in Rice Grains of M. audouinii
Poor
96
Fluorescence in Woods Lamp of M. audouinii
Positive
97
Growth in Rice Grains of M. canis
Good
98
Fluorescence in Woods Lamp of M. canis
Positive
99
Growth in Rice Grains of M. gypseum
Good
100
Fluorescence in Woods Lamp of M. gypseum
Negative
101
Microconidia of T. mentagrophytes
Teardrop/globose Grapelike clusters
102
Macroconidia of T. mentagrophytes
Rare: Cigar-shaped; Coiled spiral hyphae
103
Microconidia of T. rubrum
Clavate- peg- tear- shaped: Sessile
104
Macroconidia of T. rubrum
Pencil-shaped Cylindrical
105
Microconidia of T. tonsurans
Abundant tear- club- peg- ballon- shaped
106
Macroconidia of T. tonsurans
Cylindrical
107
Species: T. mentagrophytes
Thiamine Req.
Urease
Hair Baiting
Neg
Pos (2 d)
Pos
108
Species: T. rubrum
Thiamine Req.
Urease
Hair Baiting
Neg
Neg (≥7 d)
Neg
109
Species: T. tonsurans
Thiamine Req.
Urease
Hair Baiting
Pos
Neg (4 d)
Neg
110
General Characteristics
• Result from traumatic puncture of thorns or vegetation contaminated with fungi
Subcutaneous Mycoses
111
• Verrucous dermatitidis and chromomycosis
• Caused by dematiaceous fungi
Chromoblastomycosis
112
Chromoblastomycosis species
Phialophora verrucosa
Cladophialophora carrionii
Fonsecaea spp.
113
Microscopic Morphology of Phialophora verrucosa
• Flask-shapedphialideswithcollarettes
• Conidiaoccurinballsattipsofphialides
114
Granulomatous infection of tissue
Mycetomas
115
Mycetomas Species
Pseudalleschria boydii
116
Pseudalleschria boydii Microscopic Morphology
• Anamorphic form of S.apiospernum
• Cleistothecia containing ascospores
117
Caused by dematiaceous fungi
Phaeohyphomycosis
118
Gardening, exposure to rose thorns (rose-handler’s disease) and sphagnum moss
Sporotrichosis
119
Sporotrichosis Species
Sporothrix schenckii
120
Sporothrix schenckii Microscopic Morphology
Small, cigar shaped yeast
• Conidia in a “rosette” or “sleeve”
pattern
121
General Characteristics
Dimorphic: mould (22-30°C) or yeast (35-
37°C)
Systemic Mycoses
122
Systemic Mycoses Species
B. dermatitidis
H. capsulatum
C. immitis
P. brasiliensis.
123
Ecology B. dermatitidis
River valleys and basins, soil
124
Disease/Manifestations B. dermatitidis
• Gilchrist • Chicago
125
Ecology of H. capsulatum
Bird, bat guano alkaline soil
126
Disease/Manifestations H. capsulatum
• Cave, Spelunker’s • Darling
127
Ecology C. immitis
Soil
128
Disease/Manifestations C. immitis
• Desert bumps, Valley fever
• Desert rheumatism
129
Ecology P. brasiliensis
Soil
130
Disease/Manifestations P. brasiliensis
South American Blastomy.
• Lutz-Splendore-Almeida.
131
Morphology of Blastomyces dermatitidis in Molds and Yeast
M: Ovoid conidia on short coniophores
Y: Large yeast Broad-based bud
132
Morphology of Coccidioides immitis in Molds and Yeast
M: Barrel-shaped arthroconidia
Y: Spherules containing endospores
133
Morphology of Histoplasma capsulatum in Molds and Yeast
M: Round, large, tuber- culate macroconidia
Y: Small, oval yeast
134
Morphology of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis in Molds and Yeast
M: Sterile hyphae Chlamydoconidia
Y: “Mariner’s wheel” “Mickey Mouse cap”
135
Saprophytes and Opportunistic
Opportunistic Mycoses
136
Aseptate Zygomycetes
Absidia
Mucor
Rhizopus
137
Septate Hyaline
Aspergillus
138
Septate Dematicaeous
Alternaria
Cladosporium
Curvularia
139
• Sporangium, smooth and ovoid
• Internodal Rhizoids
Absidia
140
• Sporangia remain intact
• Rhizoids are absent
Mucor
141
• Sporangiophores clusters in a stolon
• Rhizoids is at the base of
sporangiophores
Rhizopus
142
• Conidiophore that expands to a vesicle
• Vesicle is covered w/ phialides
Aspergillus
143
Unicellular, budding & round to oval organisms
Yeast & Yeastlike Fungi
144
Yeast & Yeastlike Fungi Species
Candida albicans
Cryptococcus neoformans
Geotrichum candidum
145
True Yeast
Cryptococcosis
146
• Pigeon, bat droppings
• Decaying vegetation
Cryptococcus neoformans
147
Infection of Cryptococcus neoformans
• Systemic
• meningitis
148
Ecology Candida albicans
GI tract
Mucus membranes
149
Infection Candida albicans
Thrush
Vulvovaginitis
Diaper rash
Onychomycosis
Paronychomyc
150
Geotrichum candidum Ecology
• Soil
• Decaying foods
151
Geotrichum candidum Infection
Oral, lung, skin, etc.
152
True Yeast
Cryptococcosis
153
Cryptococcus neoformans Lab Test
1. Cornmeal
• Forms Round to oval yeast w/
capsule & narrow-base budding 2. Colony (Niger Seed Agar)
• Forms Brown-black colonies due to production of phenol oxidase
154
Candida albicans Lab Test
Direct Examination
• Blastoconidia
(budding yeast / pseudohyphae)
Cornmeal (RT, 24-48 hrs)
• Produces Chlamydoconidia
Serum (35-37oC, 1-3 hrs)
• Produces Germ Tubes
155
Yeast-like
Camdidiasis
Geotrichosis
156
Geotrichum candidum Lab Test
1. Cornmeal
• Forms fragmented hyphae
(rectangular arthrospores w/ rounded ends)
