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PCog LAB > (MIDTERM) Extraction of Volatile Oils > Flashcards

(MIDTERM) Extraction of Volatile Oils Flashcards

1
Q

are the odorous principles found in various plant parts

A

Volatile Oils

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2
Q

OTHER TERM OF Volatile Oils

A

ETHEREAL OILS,
ESSENTIAL OILS

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3
Q

Colorless, particularly when they are fresh

A

Volatile Oils

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4
Q

May occur in specialized secretory structures

A

Volatile Oils

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5
Q

Glandular hairs (_________)

A

LAMIACEAE

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6
Q

Modified parenchymal cells (_________)

A

PIPERACEAE

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7
Q

Oil-tubes called vittae (_________)

A

APIACEAE

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7
Q

Lysigenous or schizogenous passages (_________, _________)

A

PINACEAE, RUTACEAE

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8
Q

Formed by:
* Decomposition of _______________of cell wall
* _____________ of certain glycosides

A

resinogenous layer
Hydrolysis

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9
Q

2 Classes of VOLATILE OILS

A
  • Terpene derivatives
  • Aromatic compounds
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10
Q

via acetate-mevalonic acid pathway

A

Terpene derivatives

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11
Q

via schikimic acid-phenylpropanoid route

A

Aromatic compounds

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11
Q
  • Terpenoid-Based Compounds
  • Possess characteristic odor
  • Evaporate when exposed to air
  • High refractive index
  • Most are optically active
  • Immiscible in water but they can be sufficiently soluble to impart their odor in water
  • Freely soluble in ether and in chloroform; fairly soluble in alcohol
A

Properties of Volatile Oils

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12
Q

Distillation

A

Volatile Oil: Can be distilled
Fixed Oil: Cannot be distilled

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12
Q

3 PROCESSES for Storage of Volatile Oils

A
  • Fully-filled and tightly-covered bottle
  • Amber-colored bottle
  • Cool, dry place
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13
Q

Effect on Paper
(Grease Spot Test)

A

Volatile Oil: No permanent grease on paper

Fixed Oil: Leaves permanent grease on
paper

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14
Q

Saponification

A

Volatile Oil: Cannot be saponified with alkalies

Fixed Oil: Undergoes saponification with
alkali

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15
Q

Distillation

A

Volatile Oil: Can be distilled

Fixed Oil: Cannot be distilled

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16
Q

Reaction to Air and Light

A

Volatile Oils: Oxidizes and resinifies

Fixed Oils: Becomes rancid upon oxidation

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17
Q

Chemical composition

A

Volatile Oils:Terpenoid-based compounds

Fixed Oils: Glyceryl ester of fatty acids

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18
Q

Odor

A

Volatile Oils: Characteristic odor

Fixed Oils: Bland odor

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19
Q

Density

A

Volatile Oils: Some are lighter, some are
heavier

Fixed Oils: Lighter

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20
Q

Degradation

A

Volatile Oils: Terebentinate
Fixed Oils: Rancidity

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21
Q

Methods of Extraction of Volatile Oils

A
  1. DISTILLATION
  2. ENZYMATIC ACTIONS
  3. EXPRESSION
  4. USE OF CLEVENGER APPARATUS
  5. TREATMENT OF EXTRACTED VOLATILE OIL WITH ANHYDROUS SODIUM
    SULFATE
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22
Employed for heat-stable volatile oil
DISTILLATION
23
TYPES of DISTILLATION
* Water Distillation * Water and Steam Distillation * Steam Distillation * Destructive Distillation
24
for those not injured by boiling
Water Distillation
25
EXAMPLE OF Water Distillation
Turpentine oil from Pinus spp
26
for those injured by boiling
Water and Steam Distillation
27
EXAMPLE OF Water and Steam Distillation
* Clove oil – from Syzygium aromaticum * Cinnamon oil – from Cinnamomum verum
28
for fresh plant drugs
Steam Distillation
29
EXAMPLE OF Steam Distillation
* Peppermint oil – from Mentha piperita * Spearmint oil – from Mentha spicata
30
empyreumatic oils (heat without the access of air)
Destructive Distillation
31
EXAMPLE OF Destructive Distillation
Tar oil – from coal or wood
32
Delicate Flower Petals in Water
WATER DISTILLATION
33
PLANT MATERIALS
STEAM DISTILLATION
34
Release of volatile oil components via use of hydrolytic enzymes
ENZYMATIC ACTIONS
35
EXAMPLE OF ENZYMATIC ACTIONS
Extraction of mustard oil
36
Hydrolytic Enzyme:
Myrosin
37
2 Types of Mustards
* Black Mustard (Brassica nigra) * White Mustard (Brassica alba)
38
Black Mustard (Brassica nigra)
Sinigrin → Allyl Isothiocyanate
39
White Mustard (Brassica alba)
Sinalbin → Acrinyl Isothiocyanate
40
Mechanical pressing of the peels to release the volatile oils
EXPRESSION
41
Suitable for heat-sensitive volatile oils
EXPRESSION
42
expression process that involves application of pointed projections to rupture the rinds of the peels to collect the volatile oils
Ecuelle
42
expression with the use of cold fat (perfume)
Enfleurage
43
Employs water and steam distillation process
USE OF CLEVENGER APPARATUS
44
* Plant sample is placed inside round bottom flask suspended in water. * Boiling of water will result to production of steam * Steam passes through Condenser, which will convert it back to a liquid. * Condensed purified volatile oil + Water enters the burette and separates into two distinct layers * Water is separated through decantation
Procedure for USING OF CLEVENGER APPARATUS
45
* Turbidity of volatile oils * Use of Anhydrous Sodium Sulfate as Drying Agent
TREATMENT OF EXTRACTED VOLATILE OIL WITH ANHYDROUS SODIUM SULFATE
46
Due to presence of trace amounts of water from distillation procedure
Turbidity of volatile oils
47
Compound reacts chemically with the water in the oil-water mixture to form hydrated sodium sulfate
Use of Anhydrous Sodium Sulfate as Drying Agent
48
May contribute to Oxidation of Volatile oil
Turbidity of volatile oils
49
The reaction draws water from the oil and results to a clear extract
Use of Anhydrous Sodium Sulfate as Drying Agent
50
A pathologic product described as a waxy solid material produced inside the intestines of Sperm Whales, derived from the indigestible parts of squid, such as beaks and pens
Ambergris
51
Sperm Whale sn
Physeter macrocephalus
51
A mammal native to tropical Asia and Africa
Civet
52
_____________ are produced by glandular secretion from both male and female civet
Volatile Oils
52
Produces Civet Coffee
Civet
53
Civet sn
Viverridae spp.
54
Odoriferous substances obtained from animal secretions, usually from:
* Musk Deer - Moschus moschiferus * African Civet - Civettictis civetta
55
Odoriferous substances obtained from animal secretions
Musk
56
Musk Deer sn
Moschus moschiferus
57
First source of natural musk
Musk Deer (Moschus moschiferus)
58
AKA Civet Musk or Civetone
African Civet (Civettictis civetta)
59
African Civet sn
Civettictis civetta
59
Uses of Volatile Oils
* Drugs * Spices and condiments for flavoring of food and confections * Perfumery and provides scents to cosmetic products * Essential for the manufacture of soaps, toiletries, and deodorizers * Masking or providing odor to household cleaners, polishes, and insecticides

PCog LAB (6 decks)

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