MIDTERM GUIDE QUIZZES

Question 1

What type of graph is more typically used to depict the quantitative data collected in single-subject research:

Answer 1

X-Y line graph

Question 2

What is the name of the phase in a study that measures the target behavior before implementation of an intervention:

Answer 2

Baseline phase

Question 3

In a single-subject design, the ___ variable is used to encourage (or maintain) change in behavior:

Answer 3

Independent

Question 4

What do broken vertical lines depict in a graph

Answer 4

A change in independent variable

Question 5

What does IDEA stand for?

Answer 5

Individuals with disabilities education act

Question 6

How does a follow-up phase strengthen a study:

Answer 6

Both A and C (Demonstrates the effectiveness of an intervention over time; provides social and ecological validities for the study)

Question 7

What are notations used for in a single-subject design

Answer 7

Used to label certain phases or aspects of a design

Question 8

What refers to a believable demonstration that events controlled by the researcher account for the presence or absence of the behavior in question?

Answer 8

Analytic

Question 9

Which phase is intended to measure the effects of the independent variable over time and following the achievement of the criterion for the dependent variable?

Answer 9

Follow-up Phase

Question 10

In a single-subject design, the ______ variable is used to determine the changes in the target behavior.

Answer 10

Dependent

Question 11

____ may be described as a set of loose rules and traditions that have evolved over many years of experimental practice:

Answer 11

Scientific method

Question 12

A researcher has two groups of participants, one that has been taught a problem-solving technique and one that has not. Both groups are given a set of 50 problems to solve in 30 minutes. What is the dependent variable in this study?

Answer 12

The number of correct answers given by the participants

Question 13

How is it that the researcher both controls and is controlled by the subject matter?

Answer 13

The researcher must control the factors whose effects are under study and other outside factors, while the data from the study serve as a prompt for any needed changes.

Question 14

The three-term contingency consists of:

Answer 14

Antecedent stimuli, responses, and consequence stimuli.

Question 15

Talking about scientific behavior in the same way that we approach any other behavior of interest is useful because it can help us:

Answer 15

Identify the antecedent events and consequences that have influenced researcher’s behaviors.

Question 16

Practitioners and researchers both share the same interest in

Answer 16

Using the best methods of studying behavior

Question 17

Dr. Polick conducts an experiment in which she varies the number of people working on a project, and measures the amount of effort that each person makes. The number of people is the _____ variable; the amount of effort is the ____ variable:

Answer 17

Independent; dependent

Question 18

A behavior is more likely to occur in the presence of a ____ than its absence

Answer 18

Discriminative stimulus

Question 19

What is the difference between the primary focus of researchers and practitioners?

Answer 19

Researchers try to identify empirical generalizations about the relationship between behavior and the environment. Practitioners focus on changing individual’s behavior to solve problems that they are experiencing.

Question 20

The essence of science lies in the behavior of ______

Answer 20

Individual researchers

Question 21

The most common inner causes are what skinner calls:

Answer 21

conceptual inner causes

Question 22

____ refers to the full set of physical circumstances in which the organism exists:

Answer 22

Environment

Question 23

Which of the following would be considered a behavior?

Answer 23

Reading a book

Question 24

The _____ of a definition is often a better criterion for evaluating it than its ______

Answer 24

Usefulness; correctness.

Question 25

Social scientific approaches to studying and explaining behavior tend to be based on:

Answer 25

Hypothesized inner processes.

Question 26

In many applied settings one of the environmental impacts of a behavior is the effect it produces on the behavior of a trained observer. In order to use this as an acceptable form of measurement, what two conditions must be met?

Answer 26

Changes in the measuring instrument must not be the only evidence of the behavior occurring, and the behavior must be described in terms of organism-environment interactions.

Question 27

According to Johnston and Pennypacker’s definition of behavior, why is “waiting for someone” not a behavior?

Answer 27

It does not involve an interactive condition between the organism and the environment.

Question 28

The preference for a simple and well-established explanation before turning to a more complex and less understood explanation describes the scientific attitude of:

Answer 28

parsimony

Question 29

What was revolutionary about how Skinner approached the study of behavior?

Answer 29

Skinner called for the study of behavior for its own sake, rather than for what it might imply about inner processes.

Question 30

What does it mean to say that behavior is part of the interface between the organism and the environment?

Answer 30

that behavior is not something an organism possesses, but rather an interaction between the organism and the environment.

Question 31

Which statement is true, according to Baer, Wolf and Risley (1968)?

Answer 31

Non-applied research is likely to look at any behavior, and at any variable which may conceivably relate to it.

Question 32

Which statement below best meets the standard of conceptually systematic?

Answer 32

When the child writes his name correctly, deliver the reinforcer.

Question 33

Which is NOT a dimension of applied behavior analysis, according to Baer, Wolf, & Risley (1968)

Answer 33

inductive

Question 34

Which is NOT an example of generality?

Answer 34

Ray received on the job training and was able to perform the skills he was taught in the job setting.

Question 35

Which meets the standard of being behavioral?

Answer 35

Observing an individual and recording behavior defined as anxiety.

Question 36

Which is an example consistent with Baer, Wolf and Risley’s description of being effective?

Answer 36

Janice is learning self-care skills. After six month of training, she is able to shower, dress, brush her teeth and brush her hair independently.

Question 37

Which is an example of being analytic?

Answer 37

Showing that a behavior increases with treatment and returns to baseline levels when treatment is removed.

Question 38

Which would be an appropriate topic of study for applied research?

Answer 38

a comparison of two techniques for improving work productivity.

Question 39

Which is a dimension of applied behavior analysis, according to Baer, Wolf & Risley (1968)?

Answer 39

technological

Question 40

Which statement is true, with respect to being technological?

Answer 40

A and B

Question 41

Extra-experimental contingencies such as ____,_____ and ______ can lead to questions that serve personal interests more than the needs of the field:,

Answer 41

Grants, consulting contracts, reputation

Question 42

How does the experimental question guide the selection of participants?

Answer 42

The question should guide in selecting participants with -specific characteristics that will reveal how their behavior is affected by the independent variable.

Question 43

How does the experimental question help the researcher design measurement procedures?

Answer 43

It helps the researcher decide how long and how often observational sessions should occur.

Question 44

In order to create meaningful comparisons between responding under control versus treatment conditions, at least two key requirements must be met. First, each participant must be exposed to both control and treatment conditions. What is the second requirement?

Answer 44

The data for each participant must be measured and analyzed separately.

Question 45

One of the most common constraints on the sensitivity of a behavior comes from _____.

Answer 45

Extraneous variables.

Question 46

Perhaps the most important role for any behavior that will serve as the dependent variable is

Answer 46

To be sensitive to the independent variable.

Question 47

The _______ is the centerpiece of experimental procedures, and the experimental question’s most important role in guiding its selection.

Answer 47

Independent variable

Question 48

What is a risk of using only the research literature as a basis for experimental questions?

Answer 48

questions that emerge from published studies tend to peruse the general directions already established in the literature.

Question 49

When an experiment’s question, procedures, and write up suggests that the investigator’s primary goal was to generate support for a predetermined conclusion, it can be called _______ research.

Answer 49

-Advocacy

Question 50

Which of the following is one of the three objectives data analysis should meet?

Answer 50

modifying the initial decisions about how the experiment will be conducted as the study proceeds

Question 51

The first step in developing a functional definition is

Answer 51

to consider the everyday context of the behavior of interest

Question 52

Your high school baseball coach is working with you on becoming a better hitter. He decides to keep track of how many “good swings” you make during a game. He defines a “good swing” as a swing that results in you getting on base. In this example, the coach is using what kind of definition?

Answer 52

functional

Question 53

Jesslyn is a 5-year-old little girl who is just learning how to read. She is working with her teacher on letter-sound correspondences, blending sounds, sounding out words, and saying them at a normal pace. In this example, what is the response class?

Answer 53

Jesslyn’s reading behavior

Question 54

What is the first step in defining a response class?

Answer 54

considering the characteristics of the behavior

Question 55

Billy and his older brother, Alex, get into an argument over who is going to get to play the video game next. Alex becomes angry at Billy and starts yelling and punching him, leaving bruises on Billy’s arm. In this example, what is the response product?

Answer 55

the bruises on Billy’s arm

Question 56

Which of the following must be considered when selecting a response class that meets the general needs of the experiment?

Answer 56

How sensitive the response class is to extraneous factors?

Question 57

All of the following are ways of adding a temporal requirement to a response class definition, except which?

Answer 57

Add a requirement for the number of times that a behavior must occur within a specified time period.

Question 58

What are the three general types of response classes?

Answer 58

Respondent, operant, and discriminated operant

Question 59

The part of the phenomenon serving as a basis for experimental study is called

Answer 59

the unit of analysis

Question 60

A track coach records how long (in seconds) it takes a sprinter to run 100 meters. In this example, what is the unit of measurement?

Answer 60

The number of seconds it takes to run 100 meters

Question 61

All of the following are functions of measurement, except which?

Answer 61

control

Question 62

Which of the following is an example of an absolute unit?

Answer 62

the amount of time-measured in seconds- it takes to answer this question.

Question 63

Dimensional measurement involves which of the following?

Answer 63

attaching a number to a specific dimension that represents how much of that dimension was observed.

Question 64

In the study of behavior, measures of frequency generally take the form of a ratio of _____.

Answer 64

cycles of a behavior occurring over some period of time.

Question 65

The property of temporal locus is reflected by the dimensional quantity of ______.

Answer 65

latency

Question 66

A football scout measures how long it takes a player to run 40 yards. The scout is recording what dimension of behavior?

Answer 66

duration

Question 67

You are working with a 4th grader who is having difficulty reading. They are able to pronounce words, but they often take a long time to do so. One of the measures that you decide to use to see if your intervention is working, is recording the amount of time that passes from when they read one word in a sentence, to when they read the next word. This is a measure of _____.

Answer 67

interresponse time.

Question 68

What is a limitation on what duration describes about behavior?

Answer 68

it does not include countability.

Question 69

In what way can a ratio be limiting?

Answer 69

it hides the component values being divided.

Question 70

How is celeration related to frequency?

Answer 70

Celeration describes a change in frequency over time.

Question 71

In which system does the observer divide the observation period into an equal number of intervals and then record an occurrence if and only if the target behavior is emitted for the entire interval?

Answer 71

whole interval recording

Question 72

The studies reviewed by Kern et. al. (1998) show that which of the following about the use of choice as an intervention?

Answer 72

Offering choices can effectively improve desired behaviors and decrease undesired behaviors.

Question 73

In time-based methods of recording and reporting behavior, duration recording involves ______.

Answer 73

measuring the length of time from when a behavior begins to its termination

Question 74

Two or more observers record the target behavior independently and simultaneously, then later compare the results to determine if the target behavior was measured with reliability. What is this called?

Answer 74

Interobserver reliability

Question 75

Choice has been found to be an effective intervention in which type of setting?

Answer 75

residential, school and vocational (all of the above)

Question 76

Which of the following is NOT true about trials to criterion?

Answer 76

It requires the same number of opportunities be available during each session.

Question 77

What did Kern et. al. (1998) concluded about research on choice as an intervention?

Answer 77

There is an increasing trend in the number of studies, but several questions remain unanswered

Question 78

The Kern et. al. (1998) article provides a review of the literature on which aspect of choice?

Answer 78

choice as an intervention

Question 79

What is the term used to describe the correctness of how a behavior is performed or how it looks?

Answer 79

topography

Question 80

When is choice is more effective as a reinforcer?

Answer 80

when the reinforcer is selected by the individual whose behavior is targeted for change

Question 81

_____ is a change in the accuracy of an observer's performance, often gradual and for unknown reasons:

Answer 81

Observer drift

Question 82

A teacher conducts an interview with the parents of one of her students and asks them how they think their child has responded to the change in the classroom rules. In this example, the teacher is using what kind of measurement?

Answer 82

Indirect

Question 83

One of the drawbacks to using partial or whole interval recording is that it does not provide the investigator with any information about:

Answer 83

Count, duration, or frequency

Question 84

In general, the less often the target behavior occurs, the ____ should be in order to provide a good sample of responding

Answer 84

More frequent or longer observation periods

Question 85

Researchers and practitioners agree that the ideal observation and measurement procedures should be:

Answer 85

Direct, complete, and continuous

Question 86

When researcher choose to limit observer's access information about the study as a way of minimizing the chance that it might influence their judgments, we refer to observers as being _____:

Answer 86

Blind

Question 87

The use of whole interval recording is most likely to cause the investigator to :

Answer 87

Underestimate the occurrence of the target behavior

Question 88

Clayton's watch beeped every 5 minutes, and he recorded whether he had sworn at any time during the 5 minutes since the previous beeps. This is an example of:

Answer 88

Partial interval recording

Question 89

The overarching goal of behavioral measurement is:

Answer 89

To produce data that will guide correct and meaningful interpretations

Question 90

What advantages does automatic observation have over human observation?

Answer 90

Machines are much better at doing the same task repeatedly without being influenced by anything outside of their programmed parameters