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T4- Nutrition > Midterm II > Flashcards

Midterm II Flashcards

1
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Simplest form of carb, not usually found in nature
Cant be further hydrolyzed
Ex: glucose, fructose, galactose

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2
Q

Disaccharide

A

made up of 2 monosaccharide chain units

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3
Q

Sucrose

A

glucose+fructose (table sugar)

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4
Q

lactose

A

galactose+glucose (dairy)

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5
Q

maltose

A

glucose dimer (molasses)

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6
Q

Isomaltose

A

glucose dimer (amylopectin and glycogen)

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7
Q

Oligosaccharide

A

multiple monosaccharide units

Ex. Rafinnose->Trisaccharide

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8
Q

Polyshaccharide

A

10+ monosaccharide units
Ex. starch in grains and cereals
such as amylose, amylopectin, glycogen

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9
Q

Dietary fiber

A 
undigestible polysaccharides and non carb compounds
PEctin- fruit
lignin-veggie
mucilage-grains/cereal
glycoprotein-legumes
physic acid-nuts
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10
Q

Alpha amylase

A

digests starch and glycogen into glucose, maltose, isomaltose
Produced by salivary glands and pancreas

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11
Q

SGLT-1

A

Active Na transport (Na-K pump)

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12
Q

Glut-1

A

passive-brain kidney, placenta, colon, RBCs

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13
Q

Glut-2

A

Passive- rapid intestine to blood transport (falconi bickel syndrome)

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14
Q

Glut-3

A

Passive- brain, kidney, placenta

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15
Q

SGLT-1 and Glut-4

A

Both active

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16
Q

Glut-1 and Glut 3

A

both for brain, kidney, placenta

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17
Q

Michaelis Menton Equation (Km)

A

Km=substrate producing velocity at 1/2 max
-how strong affinity enzyme has for substrate
Low km=high affinity

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18
Q

whole foods diet

A

decreases pace of glucose absorption

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19
Q

galactokinase

A

activates galactose to Gal-1-P

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20
Q

Galactose-1-phosphate-uridyl-transferase

A

transfers galactose from gal-1-p to UDP-glucose forming UDP-GAC

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21
Q

Cooking

A

increases glycemic index (GI)

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22
Q

increase fiber intake

A

decreases GI

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23
Q

increase fructose intake in fruit

A

decreases GI

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24
Q

Increased GI

A

Increase risk for DM type II

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25
decrease GI
Decreases cholesterol, LDL, and increase HDL
26
Evidence to support low GI as primary diet
Little exists
27
Sweetness of sugars
1. Fructose 2. Sucrose 3. glucose 4. galactose 5. lactose
28
protein tyrosine kinase
used by insulin, GH, IGF-1, IGF-11
29
DM blood levels
Random glucose= >140mg/dl Fasting glucose= >126mg/dl HbA1c= >8%
30
Insulins effects on body
``` Increase glycolysis Decrease gluconeogenesis Increase glycogenesis decrease glycogenolysis increase lipogenesis decrease lipolysis ```
31
Adenylate Cyclase
used by epinephrine, calcitonin, and ADH
32
Epinephrines effects on body
``` Decrease glycolysis Increase gluconeogenesis increase glycogenolysis decrease glycogenesis decrease lipogenesis Increase lipolysis ```
33
Guanylate Cyclase
Used by NO
34
Hormone Response element
Used by androgens, estrogens
35
Phosphoglucomutase (glycogenesis)
G-6-P to G-1-P
36
Gycogen Synthase(glycogenesis)
UDP-GLc
37
Branching enzyme(glycogenesis)
Removes 6 glucose chain and attaches alpha 1-6
38
Glycogen phosphorylase (glycogenolysis)
breaks alpha 1-4 bond to make G-1-P
39
Glucan transferase (glycogenolysis)
remaining glucose transfer alpha 1-4
40
debranching enzyme (glycogenolysis)
removes final alpha 1-6 to release glucose
41
glycogen synthase phosphorylation-active or inactive
inactive
42
glycogen phosphorylase phosphorylation-active or inactive
active
43
1carb= ?kcal
4kcal
44
DM risk factors
``` BMI >25 family Hx Ethnic group gestational diabetes hypertension fat and cholesterol ```
45
Proteins
Polymers of AA's as complete or incomplete
46
Complete proteins
Most animal proteins are complete except collagen (Met, trp)
47
Incomplete proteins
Most plant proteins are incomplete except soybean
48
Essential AA's
``` Phenylalinine valine threonine tryptophan isoleucine methionine histidine alanine leucine lysine ```
49
Protease
Enzyme hydrolyzing proteins Ex: pepsin-stomach trypsin and chymotrypsinogen-pancreas(zymogen)
50
peptidase
further digests small peptides in intestine wall
51
AA's are water soluble T/F
true
52
AA storage is limited T/F
true
53
Protein function
enzyme, hormone, contractile protein, transporter, structural protein
54
non glycogenic proteins
leucine, lysine
55
glucose alanine cycle
minor source of energy
56
Phe forms
tyrosine
57
tryptophan forms
serotonin
58
tyrosine forms
melanin
59
heme synthesis uses what protein
glycine
60
biosynthesis of sphingolipids
serine
61
glutamate->
proline
62
methionine+serine->
cysteine
63
aspartate/glutamate+glutamine->
asparagine/glutamine
64
phenylalinine->
tyrosine
65
serine->
glycine
66
Branch chain AA's
leucine, isoleucine, valine-all for muscle growth
67
process that occurs when AA's are needed to make glycogen
deamination
68
Daily protein req for children up to 7mos
2.0g/kg body weight
69
daily protein req for children over 7 mos
0.8g/kg body weight
70
children 1-3
5-20% kcal
71
children 4-18
10-30%kcal
72
adult
10-25% kcal
73
kwashiokor
chronic protein deficiency with edema, poor appetite, dermatosis, and hair changes
74
marasmus
severe protein deficiency with wasting away of mass. no edema, good appetite
75
protein excess
leads to Ca loss and osteoporosis BUN used to test Normal=10-14mg/dL
76
Diet with increased protein, decreased kcal and fat
Ketogenic diet | Leads to ketosis and kidney problems
77
Protein supplies what element for tissue repair and growth
nitrogen | aging and illness=decreased nitrogen
78
biologic value
measures protein retention only
79
net protein utilization
measures protein retention assuming all proteins are absorbed and digested
80
animal protein
increased BV, PER, NPU | Increased CAD risk
81
plant protein
Soy is complete protein, decreased CAD risk
82
endurance athlete protein needs
1.2-1.4g/kg body weight
83
body builder protein req
1.6-1.7g/kg body weight
84
homocysteinemia
increased risk for CAD
85
Methionine to homocysteine requires
methionine synthase
86
homocysteine to cysteine requires
vit B6
87
homocysteine to methionine requires
folate and B12

T4- Nutrition (7 decks)

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