MIDTERM IN ETHICS

Question 1

a conflict in which you have to choose between two or more actions and have moral reasons for choosing each action. A situation in which there is a difficult choice to make about what is the right thing to do.

Answer 1

MORAL DILEMMA

Question 2

a situation where you have to choose between two or more difficult options, and each choice has both good and bad consequences.

Answer 2

Dilemma

Question 3

Three Levels of Moral Dilemma

Answer 3

Individual Dilemma
Organizational Dilemma
Structure Dilemma

Question 4

This is a personal moral problem, dealt with
and solved by the same single person.

It’s as if you’re choosing between two
options: what to do and what not to do.

Answer 4

Individual Dilemma

Question 5

a puzzle possessed by the dual necessities of a social organization and member’s self- interest. It may exist between personal interests and organizational welfare or between group interests and
organizational well-being.

Answer 5

Organizational Dilemma

Question 6

A conflict of erspective of sectors, groups and initutions that may be affected by the decisions

Answer 6

Structure Dilemma

Question 7

-the view that ethical and social standards reflect the cultural context from which they are derived. It uphold that cultures differ fundamentally from one another, and so do the moral frameworks that structure relations within different societies.

Answer 7

Cultural relativism

Question 8

refers to the shared values,
beliefs, and practices that influence how people interpret morality

Answer 8

Culture

Question 9

the idea that ethical and social standards are relative to a culture’s context. It means that there is no universal standard to judge the ethics of different cultures.

Answer 9

Cultural Relativism (in ethics)

Question 10

Example of Cultural Relativism

Answer 10

Marriage Practices
Religious Beliefs
Funeral Rites
Death Penalty
FGM
Polygamy

Question 11

the belief that one’s own culture, values, and traditions are superior to those of other cultures. It leads to judging other societies based on one’s own cultural standards rather than understanding them within their own context. This mindset can result in stereotypes, discrimination, and a lack of appreciation for cultural diversity.

Answer 11

Ethnocentrism

Question 12

Ex of ETHNOCENTRISM

Answer 12

Language Superiority
Western Beauty Standards
Food Preference
Clothing Judgments

Question 13

Believing that speaking English makes someone more intelligent than a person who speaks a native or indigenous language.

Answer 13

Language Superiority

Question 14

Thinking that fair skin, slim bodies, and straight hair are the “ideal” beauty standards while looking down on people with dark skin, curvier bodies, or other natural features.

Answer 14

Western Beauty Standards

Question 15

Criticizing cultures that eat certain foods, like saying, “Eating raw fish (sushi) is weird,” instead of understanding that it’s a cultural tradition.

Answer 15

Food Preference

Question 16

Criticizing people from different cultures for wearing traditional attire, such as hijabs, saris, or tribal clothing, and expecting them to adopt modern fashion.

Answer 16

Clothing Judgment

Question 17

A set of core principles or beliefs that are shared by people across different cultures, societies, and historical periods. These values often serve as the foundation for moral and ethical judgments, helping individuals differentiate between right and wrong, good and bad.

Answer 17

Universal values

Question 18

Universal Values applies across the world.
The Claim for Universal Values can be attributed into 2 ways.

Answer 18

1. First, it could be that something has a universal value when everybody find it valuable.
2. Second, something could have universal value when all people have reason to believe it has value.

Question 19

TOP 5 UNIVERSAL VALUES

Answer 19

LOVE
PEACE
TRUTH
NON -VIOLENCE
RIGHT CONDUCT

Question 20

Represents selfless care and compassion towards others.
-Deep care and concern for others, encompassing all of the attributes.

Answer 20

Love

Question 21

Inner calm and the absence of conflict.
-freedom from disturbance.

Answer 21

PEACE

Question 22

Honesty and accuracy in communication.
-the quality of being true.

Answer 22

Truth

Question 23

Avoiding causing harm to others through thoughts, words, or actions.
-principle of avoiding harm, aggression, or force in interactions and promoting peace, understanding, and compassion

Answer 23

Non-Violence

Question 24

Acting ethically and with moral responsibility.
-behaving in a morally and ethically correct way, following principles of honesty, integrity, fairness, and respect for others

Answer 24

Right Conduct

Question 25

Individualism vs. Collectivism:

Answer 25

Western cultures are generally more individualistic, focusing on personal goals and self-expression, while Eastern cultures are more collectivist, prioritizing the needs of the community and maintaining social harmony.

Question 26

Differences between the eastern and western culture

Answer 26

The primary difference between Eastern and Western culture lies in their emphasis on individualism versus collectivism, with Western cultures tending to prioritize individual freedom, autonomy, and personal achievement while Eastern cultures value collective harmony, family ties, and societal obligations, placing greater importance on the needs of the group over individual aspirations; this manifests in communication styles, power dynamics, and overall social values.

Question 27

a positive Filipino value that emphasizes communal cooperation and helping one another, but potential negative aspects include over-reliance on others, potential for exploitation, and a lack of individual responsibility if not practiced thoughtfully, especially in situations where people might feel pressured to contribute beyond their means.

Answer 27

Bayanihan

Question 28

a Filipino concept translating to "debt of gratitude," has positive aspects like fostering strong social bonds and a sense of reciprocity by encouraging people to repay kindness, but can also be negative when used to manipulate others by creating an overwhelming sense of obligation, leading to potential abuse of power or exploitation.

Answer 28

.Utang na loob

Question 29

Filipino value meaning "getting along with others," has positive aspects like fostering harmony and unity within a group, encouraging cooperation, and prioritizing the common good; however, when taken to extremes, it can lead to negative consequences like suppressing personal opinions, avoiding conflict at the expense of constructive criticism, and potentially enabling harmful group dynamics by not speaking up against wrong actions.

Answer 29

PAKIKISAMA

Question 30

often regarded as one of the most heartwarming and unique aspects of Filipino culture, but like any cultural trait, it has both positive and negative aspects.

Answer 30

Filipino hospitality

Question 31

-behavior involve putting ourselves in the place of others and typically require a combination of mutual respect, empathy, and caring. -plays an essential role in shaping behavior and decision-making processes within personal and social contexts.

Answer 31

Moral development

Question 32

process by which a person develops a distinction between right or wrong and engage in moral reasoning to make ethical decision

Answer 32

Moral Development

Question 33

9 Factors Affecting Moral Development

Answer 33

Age Socioeconomic variables Cognitive variables Social cognition factors Theory of mind abilities Empathy Socio-moral reasoning Parental influences Emotion processing

Question 34

which impacts our moral reasoning and decision-making abilities such as income, education, and working conditions

Answer 34

AGE SOCIOECONOMIC VARIABLES

Question 35

such as intellectual functioning, attentional control, verbal fluency, and inhibition including how we understand and navigate our social environment, affecting our ability to recognize and interpret the emotions of others

Answer 35

COGNITIVE VARIABLES SOCIAL COGNITION FACTORS

Question 36

including how good we are at attributing mental states (beliefs, desires, and intentions) to those around us Such as sharing and feeling another person’s emotional experiences and taking their perspective

Answer 36

THEORY OF MIND ABILITIES EMPATHY

Question 37

including what we perceive as social injustice and inequality' Inncluding their level of education and moral behavior

Answer 37

SOCIO MORAL REASONING PARENTAL INFLUENCES

Question 38

involving recognizing, interpreting, and managing our own and others’ feelings

Answer 38

EMOTION PROCESSING

Question 39

-known for his theory of moral development. A psychologist who portrayed on education, anthropology, and philosophy, to inform his work on the development of moral judgment and on moral behavior.

Answer 39

LAWRENCE KOHLBERG

Question 40

the earliest period of moral development. It lasts until around the age of 9. At this age, children's decisions are primarily shaped by the expectations of adults and the consequences of breaking the rules.

Answer 40

Level 1. Preconventional Morality

Question 41

marked by the acceptance of social rules regarding what is good and moral. During this time, adolescents and adults internalize the moral standards they have learned from their role models and from society. This period also focuses on the acceptance of authority and conforming to the norms of the group.

Answer 41

Level 2. Conventional Morality

Question 42

At this level of moral development, people develop an understanding of abstract principles of morality.

Answer 42

Level 3. Postconventional Morality

Question 43

Stages of Moral development

Answer 43

Level 1. Preconventional Morality Level 2. Conventional Morality Level 3. Postconventional Morality

Question 44

Stages of Moral development Level 1. Preconventional Morality:

Answer 44

Stage 1 (Obedience and Punishment) Stage 2 (Individualism and Exchange)

Question 45

The earliest stages of moral development, _____________ are especially common in young children, but adults are also capable of expressing this type of reasoning. According to Kohlberg, people at this stage see rules as fixed and absolute. Obeying the rules is important because it is a way to avoid punishment.

Answer 45

Stage 1 (Obedience and Punishment)

Question 46

At the _________________ stage of moral development, children account for individual points of view and judge actions based on how they serve individual needs.

Answer 46

Stage 2 (Individualism and Exchange)

Question 47

Stages of Moral development Level 2. Conventional Morality:

Answer 47

Stage 3 (Developing Good Interpersonal Relationships) Stage 4 (Maintaining Social Order)

Question 48

Often referred to as the "good boy-good girl" orientation, this stage of the __________________of moral development is focused on living up to social expectations and roles. There is an emphasis on conformity, being "nice," and consideration of how choices influence relationships.

Answer 48

Stage 3 (Developing Good Interpersonal Relationships)

Question 49

This stage is focused on ensuring that ____________. At this stage of moral development, people begin to consider society as a whole when making judgments. The focus is on maintaining law and order by following the rules, doing one’s duty, and respecting authority.

Answer 49

Stage 4 (Maintaining Social Order)

Question 50

Stages of Moral development Level 3. Postconventional Morality:

Answer 50

Stage 5 (Social Contract and Individual Rights) Stage 6 (Universal Principles)

Question 51

The ideas of a ___________ cause people in the next stage to begin to account for the differing values, opinions, and beliefs of other people.6 Rules of law are important for maintaining a society, but members of the society should agree upon these standards.

Answer 51

Stage 5 (Social Contract and Individual Rights)

Question 52

Kohlberg’s final level of moral reasoning is based on ______________ and abstract reasoning. At this stage, people follow these internalized principles of justice, even if they conflict with laws and rules.

Answer 52

Stage 6 (Universal Principles)

Question 53

Limitations/Criticisms On Kohlberg's Theory of Moral development

Answer 53

Focuses too much on moral reasoning and not enough on actual behavior Neglects the role of culture Underestimates the influence of parents on moral development

Question 54

the process of evaluating actions to determine whether they are right or wrong based on ethical principles. It involves critical analysis and decision-making about moral issues, often drawing from various ethical theories such as consequentialism, deontology, and moral relativism.

Answer 54

moral reasoning

Question 55

HE DEVELOPED THE "7 STEP MORAL REASONING" MODEL

Answer 55

SCOTT B. RAE

Question 56

7 step MORAL REASONING

Answer 56

STEP 1: GATHER THE FACTS STEP 2: Determine the ethical issues STEP 3: Identifying the principles that have a bearing on the case. STEP 4: listing the alternatives STEP 5: comparing the alternatives with the principles STEP 6: weighing the consequences STEP 7: making a decision

Question 57

Some moral dilemmas can be resolved just by clarifying facts of the case in question. but in more complex cases, gathering the facts is the indispensable first step before any ethical analysis and reflection of the case.

Answer 57

STEP 1: GATHER THE FACTS

Question 58

The moral issues should be correctly stated in terms of competing interests. It is these conflicting interest that practically make for a moral dilemma. it moral issues should be correctly stated in terms of competing interests. It is these conflicting interest that practically make for a moral dilemma.

Answer 58

STEP 2: Determine the ethical issues

Question 59

In any moral dilemma, there are sure moral values or principles that are vital to the rival positions being taken. It is very significant to recognize these principles, and in some cases, to decide whether some principles are to be weighted more heavily than others.

Answer 59

STEP 3: Identifying the principles that have a bearing on the case.

Question 60

This step involves coming up with the various alternative courses of action as part of the creative thinking included in resolving a moral dilemma. Though there will be some alternatives which you will rule out without much thought, in general , the more alternatives that are listed, the better the chance that your list will include some high-quality ones

Answer 60

STEP 4: listing the alternatives

Question 61

This step involves eliminating alternatives according to the moral principles that have a bearing on the case.

Answer 61

STEP 5: comparing the alternatives with the principles

Question 62

If the principles do not produce a clear decision, then a consideration of the consequences of the remaining available alternatives is in order. both positive and negative consequences are to be considered.

Answer 62

STEP 6: weighing the consequences

Question 63

Since deliberation ought not to go on forever, a decision must be made at some point. It must be realized that one common element to moral dilemmas is that there are no easy and painless solutions to them

Answer 63

STEP 7: making a decision